ISO 10426-5:2024 低炭素エネルギーを含む石油およびガス産業 — 坑井セメント用セメントおよび材料 — Part 5:坑井セメント配合物の収縮と膨張の決定 | ページ 2

Foreword

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This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Oil and gas industries including lower carbon energy, Subcommittee SC 3, Drilling and completion fluids, well cements and treatment fluids, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 12, Oil and gas industries including lower carbon energy, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).

This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 10426-5:2004), which has been technically revised.

The main changes are as follows:

• addition of the Introduction, with background information on expansion and shrinkage;
• addition of annular ring test under impermeable conditions at atmospheric pressure;
• inclusion of an informative annex describing a method to determine the stress generated by expansion under confined conditions at elevated temperature and pressure;
• inclusion of an informative annex describing the annular ring test at elevated pressure.

A list of all parts in the ISO 10426 series can be found on the ISO website.

Introduction

When Portland cement reacts with water, there is an overall reduction in the absolute volume of components:

(1)

where

In this document the absolute volume decrease [(V_c + V_w) − V_ch] is referred to as hydration shrinkage, although in other documents it can also be referred to as chemical shrinkage, total chemical contraction, or hydration volume reduction.

Depending on the exposure conditions, presence of external stresses during setting and, most importantly, access to external water, the hydration shrinkage may lead to bulk shrinkage of the set cement.

The change in the sample dimensions is referred to as bulk shrinkage or expansion. Bulk shrinkage and expansion of the cement refer to the result of the measurement of a linear dimensional change or volume change. The volume to which all volume changes are related is the volume of the slurry immediately after mixing and emplacement in the experimental equipment. For small values of shrinkage or expansion, typically the case in well cement systems, the fractional volume dimensional change can be approximated as 3 times the fractional linear dimensional change.

Bulk shrinkage may cause:

• formation of a micro-annulus, potentially affecting cement evaluation logs;
• loss of zonal isolation leading to crossflow or sustained casing pressure;
• lack of a hydraulic seal when using cement inflatable packers;
• poor sealing of abandonment plugs.

Additives are available that can overcome the effects of hydration shrinkage and generate bulk expansion of set cement. In plug applications, bulk expansion of cement generates stress at the cement-rock or cement-formation interface. A method of measuring the stress generated by expansion in a plug-type geometry is given in Annex A.

In this document, SI units are used; and where practical, U.S. customary units are included in brackets for information.

This document is based on API Technical Report 10TR 2.

1 Scope

This document provides the methods for the testing of well cement formulations to determine the dimension changes during the curing process (cement hydration) at atmospheric and elevated pressure and the stress generated by expansion in a confined environment under elevated temperature and pressure.

2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

Bibliography