ISO/IEC TS 23884:2021 情報技術—コンピューターグラフィックス、画像処理、環境データ表現—仮想現実、混合現実、拡張現実（VR / MAR）でのオブジェクトのモデルベースの触覚シミュレーションのための材料特性とパラメーター表現 | ページ 2

3.1 用語と定義

このドキュメントでは、次の用語と定義が適用されます。

ISO および IEC は、次のアドレスで標準化に使用する用語データベースを維持しています。

Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, 2 (see www.iso.org/directives or www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs ).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents ) or the IEC list of patent declarations received (see https://patents.iec.ch ).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html . In the IEC, see www.iec.ch/understanding-standards .

This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 24, Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data representation.

Introduction

Both virtual reality (VR) and mixed and augmented reality (MAR) employ virtual, synthetic and computer-generated objects in their respective scenes, and they are rendered not only visually but in other modalities in order to provide rich user experience based on realism, presence and augmentation.

VR and MAR applications are increasingly using haptic feedback to allow the user to interact physically with the virtual or real objects and provide higher realism and elevated experience. That is, the input from and output to the user may be delivered kinaesthetically (i.e. force feedback) through physical simulation and the resulting force rendered through mechanical haptic devices. Note that the interacting virtual or real object may be situated in virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and augmented virtuality (AVR) – namely, across all types of MAR.

A correct and effective rendering of forces requires the relevant physical description of the materials of the objects involved in the physical interaction and simulation. In addition, depending on the needs of the application, different haptic rendering algorithms may be employed. Conventional standards for virtual and mixed reality have lacked constructs for expressing such material properties or algorithmic details and thereby supporting a comprehensive, faithful and flexible haptic rendering. For example, most current standard 3D graphic or virtual object representations can only describe material properties for visual rendering (e.g. for lighting effects and shading).

This document also provides definitions for terms related to material properties and physical simulation in the context of the haptic rendering and its algorithms.

The target audience of this document are mainly VR and MAR system developers and content designers interested in specifying and using haptic interaction. This document provides a basis for application standards for any VR and MAR applications and content representation that uses haptic modality for input and output.

However, this document establishes the information model. It does not promote or propose to use a specific language, file format, algorithm, device, implementation method or standard. The model is intended to be considered as the minimal basic model that can be extended for other purposes in actual implementation.

The content of this document is derived from ISO/IEC 18039, which, among other things, specifies the possible inclusion of haptic feedback (and associated devices) in experiential VR and MAR contents (and systems). The specification can be one important component in ISO/IEC 3721-1 ¹ , whose purpose is to lay out and specify the information model for various essential MAR content components and their relationships. While ISO/IEC 3721-1 lays the foundation and overall framework, it does not go into all the details (e.g. material or haptic properties of an object). As haptic feedback may be used in purely virtual environments as well, this document also relates to ISO/IEC 19775-1.

1 Scope

This document specifies:

• physical and material parameters of virtual or real objects expressed to support comprehensive haptic rendering methods, such as stiffness, friction and micro-textures;
• a flexible specification of the haptic rendering algorithm itself.

It supplements other standards that describe scene or content description and information models for virtual and mixed reality, such as ISO/IEC 19775 and ISO/IEC 3721-1.

2 Normative references

There are no normative references in this document.

3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms

3.2 Abbreviated terms

Bibliography