ISO/TR 12705:2011 グラフィック技術—リソグラフィーにおける化学的ゴーストの実験室試験方法 | ページ 2

Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, 2.

The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.

In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

ISO/TR 12705 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 130, Graphic technology.

Introduction

This Technical Report describes a test method to evaluate the susceptibility of a particular ink, substrate and printing procedure to produce chemical ghosting in sheet-fed offset lithographic printing. Chemical ghosting occurs only in sheet-fed offset lithographic printing and appears mostly in dark areas of a print. A related phenomenon, mechanical ghosting, can appear in both sheet-fed and web offset. This is due to the ink supply limitations of some inking unit designs for sheet-fed offset presses; its origin is unknown in web-offset presses.

Chemical ghosting occurs during storage of freshly printed sheets in the output stack. Inks formulated from natural fatty acids liberate volatile chemicals during oxidative drying. These might cause either

• image-wise yellowing of the back side of the adjacent sheet in the stack (in either single side or perfecting printing), or
• variation in the drying speed of ink layers that are subsequently over-printed, which results in an image-wise variation in gloss.

In both cases “ghost image artefacts” might be visible. Complete suppression of these artefacts can be achieved by strictly separating the sheets. The effect of chemical ghosting depends on the nature and film thickness of the printing inks, the substrate, climatic conditions, the time intervals between face and reverse printing, and printing and converting.

The severity of chemical ghosting that manifests itself by differences in gloss may be reduced by:

• a) measures that result in faster ink drying;
• b) lower ink film thicknesses;
• c) moderate temperatures;
• d) medium relative humidity;
• e) very short or very long intervals between face and reverse printing;
• f) short converting intervals ^[3] .

If prints are surface-finished by dispersion, UV lacquers, and sometimes oil lacquers, this tends to achieve a homogeneous gloss level and therefore to suppress chemical ghosting ^[3] .

Optical measurements like densitometry, colorimetry and gloss measurement at constant and variable angles of illumination and detection have proven unsatisfactory in the evaluation of the severity of image-wise gloss artefacts. These effects are better evaluated visually.

The reliability of the test method described in this Technical Report was validated by printing trials on a sheet-fed offset printing press ^[3][4] .

1 Scope

This Technical Report describes a laboratory method, using a printability tester, for the preparation of specimens in order to evaluate the tendency of a particular ink, substrate and printing procedure to produce chemical ghosting in sheet-fed offset lithography on coated papers or foils.

A test procedure to induce ghosting using these specimens is also included.

The presence of chemical ghosting is determined by visual evaluation of test images. Chemical ghosting can appear either as reverse-side yellowing on single-side and perfect printing, or as image-wise gloss variations in perfect printing. This method applies only to oxidative drying inks on coated papers or foils and it evaluates a particular ink and substrate combination.

2 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

Bibliography