ISO/TS 16996:2015 固体バイオ燃料—蛍光X線による元素組成の決定 | ページ 2

Foreword

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The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels.

Introduction

X-ray fluorescence spectrometry can be used as a fast method for a qualitative overview of ash forming elements and impurities. When calibration is based on biomass reference materials, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry can be used for a quantitative analysis of the total content of the specified elements within different solid biofuels.

The quality of the results obtained depends very closely on the type of instrument used, e.g. bench top or high performance, energy dispersive or wavelength dispersive instruments. When selecting a specific instrument, several factors have to be considered, such as the matrices to be analysed, elements to be determined, detection limits required and the measuring time.

Due to the wide range of matrix compositions and the lack of suitable reference materials in the case of some biomass like olive residues, it is generally difficult to set up a calibration with matrix-matched reference materials.

Therefore, this Technical Specification describes two different procedures.

• Quantitative analytical procedure for major elements of biomass. The calibration is based on different biomass reference materials.The elements described as major elements of solid biofuels are in fact major elements of the fuel ashes more than of the fuels. The determination of these elements may be helpful to predict the melting behaviour and slagging of the ashes. Moreover, contamination of fuel with sand or soil is indicated by high values of several elements.
• Total element characterization at a semi-quantitative level for major elements of biomass. The calibration is based on matrix-independent calibration curves, previously set up by the manufacturer.

In general, the sensitivity of X-ray fluorescence is not sufficient for a determination of the content of minor elements (trace metals) in solid biofuels. However, determination may be used to reveal excessive contents of minor elements in solid biofuels.

1 Scope

This Technical Specification specifies the procedure for a determination of major and minor element concentrations in biomass material by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry or wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometry using a calibration with biomass reference materials. A semi-quantitative determination may be carried out using matrix independent standards.

This Technical Specification is applicable for the following elements: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Br, Mo, Cd, Sb, and Pb. Concentrations from approximately 0,000 1 % and above can be determined depending on the element, the calibration materials used and the instrument used.

2 Normative references

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 16559 and the following apply.

Bibliography