ISO 14044:2006 環境管理 — ライフサイクルアセスメント — 要件とガイドライン | ページ 6

3.1

life cycle

consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposal

3.2

life cycle assessment

LCA

compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle

3.3

life cycle inventory analysis

LCI

phase of life cycle assessment involving the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs for a product throughout its life cycle

3.4

life cycle impact assessment

LCIA

phase of life cycle assessment aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and significance of the potential environmental impacts for a product system throughout the life cycle of the product

3.5

life cycle interpretation

phase of life cycle assessment in which the findings of either the inventory analysis or the impact assessment, or both, are evaluated in relation to the defined goal and scope in order to reach conclusions and recommendations

3.6

comparative assertion

environmental claim regarding the superiority or equivalence of one product versus a competing product that performs the same function

3.7

transparency

open, comprehensive and understandable presentation of information

3.8

environmental aspect

element of an organization's activities, products or services that can interact with the environment

[SOURCE: ISO 14001:2004; definition 3.6]

3.9

product

any goods or service

Note 3 to entry: Adapted from ISO 14021:1999 and ISO 9000:2005

3.10

co-product

any of two or more products coming from the same unit process or product system

3.11

process

set of interrelated or interacting activities that transforms inputs into outputs

[SOURCE: ISO 9000:2005, definition 3.4.1 (without notes)]

3.12

elementary flow

material or energy entering the system being studied that has been drawn from the environment without previous human transformation, or material or energy leaving the system being studied that is released into the environment without subsequent human transformation

3.13

energy flow

input to or output from a unit process or product system, quantified in energy units

Note 1 to entry: Energy flow that is an input may be called an energy input; energy flow that is an output may be called an energy output.

3.14

feedstock energy

heat of combustion of a raw material input that is not used as an energy source to a product system, expressed in terms of higher heating value or lower heating value

Note 1 to entry: Care is necessary to ensure that the energy content of raw materials is not counted twice.

3.15

raw material

primary or secondary material that is used to produce a product

Note 1 to entry: Secondary material includes recycled material.

3.16

ancillary input

material input that is used by the unit process producing the product, but does not constitute part of the product

3.17

allocation

partitioning the input or output flows of a process or a product system between the product system under study and one or more other product systems

3.18

cut-off criteria

specification of the amount of material or energy flow or the level of environmental significance associated with unit processes or product system to be excluded from a study

3.19

data quality

characteristics of data that relate to their ability to satisfy stated requirements

3.20

functional unit

quantified performance of a product system for use as a reference unit

3.21

input

product, material or energy flow that enters a unit process

Note 1 to entry: Products and materials include raw materials, intermediate products and co-products.

3.22

intermediate flow

product, material or energy flow occurring between unit processes of the product system being studied

3.23

intermediate product

output from a unit process that is input to other unit processes that require further transformation within the system

3.24

life cycle inventory analysis result

LCI result

outcome of a life cycle inventory analysis that catalogues the flows crossing the system boundary and provides the starting point for life cycle impact assessment

3.25

output

product, material or energy flow that leaves a unit process

Note 1 to entry: Products and materials include raw materials, intermediate products, co-products, and releases.

3.26

process energy

energy input required for operating the process or equipment within a unit process, excluding energy inputs for production and delivery of the energy itself

3.27

product flow

products entering from or leaving to another product system

3.28

product system

collection of unit processes with elementary and product flows, performing one or more defined functions, and which models the life cycle of a product

3.29

reference flow

measure of the outputs from processes in a given product system required to fulfil the function expressed by the functional unit

3.30

releases

emissions to air and discharges to water and soil

3.31

sensitivity analysis

systematic procedures for estimating the effects of the choices made regarding methods and data on the outcome of a study

3.32

system boundary

set of criteria specifying which unit processes are part of a product system

Note 1 to entry: The term “system boundary” is not used in this International Standard in relation to LCIA.

3.33

uncertainty analysis

systematic procedure to quantify the uncertainty introduced in the results of a life cycle inventory analysis due to the cumulative effects of model imprecision, input uncertainty and data variability

Note 1 to entry: Either ranges or probability distributions are used to determine uncertainty in the results.

3.34

unit process

smallest element considered in the life cycle inventory analysis for which input and output data are quantified

3.35

waste

substances or objects which the holder intends or is required to dispose of

Note 1 to entry: The definition is taken from the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (22 March 1989) but is not confined in this International Standard to hazardous waste.

3.36

category endpoint

attribute or aspect of natural environment, human health, or resources, identifying an environmental issue giving cause for concern

3.37

characterization factor

factor derived from a characterization model which is applied to convert an assigned life cycle inventory analysis result to the common unit of the category indicator

Note 1 to entry: The common unit allows calculation of the category indicator result.

3.38

environmental mechanism

system of physical, chemical and biological processes for a given impact category, linking the life cycle inventory analysis results to category indicators and to category endpoints

3.39

impact category

class representing environmental issues of concern to which life cycle inventory analysis results may be assigned

3.40

impact category indicator

quantifiable representation of an impact category

Note 1 to entry: The shorter expression “category indicator” is used in this International Standard for improved readability.

3.41

completeness check

process of verifying whether information from the phases of a life cycle assessment is sufficient for reaching conclusions in accordance with the goal and scope definition

3.42

consistency check

process of verifying that the assumptions, methods and data are consistently applied throughout the study and are in accordance with the goal and scope definition performed before conclusions are reached

3.43

sensitivity check

process of verifying that the information obtained from a sensitivity analysis is relevant for reaching the conclusions and giving recommendations

3.44

evaluation

element within the life cycle interpretation phase intended to establish confidence in the results of the life cycle assessment

Note 1 to entry: Evaluation includes completeness check, sensitivity check, consistency check, and any other validation that may be required according to the goal and scope definition of the study

3.45

critical review

process intended to ensure consistency between a life cycle assessment and the principles and requirements of the International Standards on life cycle assessment

Note 1 to entry: The principles are described in ISO 14040:2006, 4.1.

Note 2 to entry: The requirements are described in this International Standard.

3.46

interested party

individual or group concerned with or affected by the environmental performance of a product system, or by the results of the life cycle assessment