ISO 19111:2019 地理情報—座標による参照 | ページ 6

3.1.1

affine coordinate system

coordinate system in Euclidean space with straight axes that are not necessarily mutually perpendicular

3.1.2

Cartesian coordinate system

coordinate system in Euclidean space which gives the position of points relative to n mutually perpendicular straight axes all having the same unit of measure

Note 1 to entry:n is 2 or 3 for the purposes of this document.

Note 2 to entry: A Cartesian coordinate system is a specialisation of an affine coordinate system.

3.1.3

compound coordinate reference system

coordinate reference system using at least two independent coordinate reference systems

Note 1 to entry: Coordinate reference systems are independent of each other if coordinate values in one cannot be converted or transformed into coordinate values in the other.

3.1.4

concatenated operation

coordinate operation consisting of the sequential application of multiple coordinate operations

3.1.5

coordinate

one of a sequence of numbers designating the position of a point

Note 1 to entry: In a spatial coordinate reference system, the coordinate numbers are qualified by units.

3.1.6

coordinate conversion

coordinate operation that changes coordinates in a source coordinate reference system to coordinates in a target coordinate reference system in which both coordinate reference systems are based on the same datum

Note 1 to entry: A coordinate conversion uses parameters which have specified values.

3.1.7

coordinate epoch

epoch to which coordinates in a dynamic coordinate reference system are referenced

3.1.8

coordinate operation

process using a mathematical model, based on a one-to-one relationship, that changes coordinates in a source coordinate reference system to coordinates in a target coordinate reference system, or that changes coordinates at a source coordinate epoch to coordinates at a target coordinate epoch within the same coordinate reference system

3.1.9

coordinate reference system

coordinate system that is related to an object by a datum

Note 1 to entry: Geodetic and vertical datums are referred to as reference frames.

Note 2 to entry: For geodetic and vertical reference frames, the object will be the Earth. In planetary applications, geodetic and vertical reference frames may be applied to other celestial bodies.

3.1.10

coordinate set

collection of coordinate tuples referenced to the same coordinate reference system and if that coordinate reference system is dynamic also to the same coordinate epoch

3.1.11

coordinate system

set of mathematical rules for specifying how coordinates are to be assigned to points

3.1.12

coordinate transformation

coordinate operation that changes coordinates in a source coordinate reference system to coordinates in a target coordinate reference system in which the source and target coordinate reference systems are based on different datums

Note 1 to entry: A coordinate transformation uses parameters which are derived empirically. Any error in those coordinates will be embedded in the coordinate transformation and when the coordinate transformation is applied the embedded errors are transmitted to output coordinates.

Note 2 to entry: A coordinate transformation is colloquially sometimes referred to as a 'datum transformation'. This is erroneous. A coordinate transformation changes coordinate values. It does not change the definition of the datum. In this document coordinates are referenced to a coordinate reference system. A coordinate transformation operates between two coordinate reference systems, not between two datums.

3.1.13

coordinate tuple

tuple composed of coordinates

Note 1 to entry: The number of coordinates in the coordinate tuple equals the dimension of the coordinate system; the order of coordinates in the coordinate tuple is identical to the order of the axes of the coordinate system.

3.1.14

cylindrical coordinate system

three-dimensional coordinate system in Euclidean space in which position is specified by two linear coordinates and one angular coordinate

3.1.15

datum

reference frame

parameter or set of parameters that realize the position of the origin, the scale, and the orientation of a coordinate system

3.1.16

datum ensemble

group of multiple realizations of the same terrestrial or vertical reference system that, for approximate spatial referencing purposes, are not significantly different

Note 1 to entry: Datasets referenced to the different realizations within a datum ensemble may be merged without coordinate transformation.

Note 2 to entry: ‘Approximate’ is for users to define and typically is in the order of under 1 decimetre but may be up to 2 metres.

3.1.17

depth

distance of a point from a chosen vertical reference surface downward along a line that is perpendicular to that surface

Note 1 to entry: The line direction may be straight, or be dependent on the Earth's gravity field or other physical phenomena.

Note 2 to entry: A depth above the vertical reference surface will have a negative value.

3.1.18

derived coordinate reference system

coordinate reference system that is defined through the application of a specified coordinate conversion to the coordinates within a previously established coordinate reference system

Note 1 to entry: The previously established coordinate reference system is referred to as the base coordinate reference system.

Note 2 to entry: A derived coordinate reference system inherits its datum or reference frame from its base coordinate reference system.

Note 3 to entry: The coordinate conversion between the base and derived coordinate reference system is implemented using the parameters and formula(s) specified in the definition of the coordinate conversion.

3.1.19

dynamic coordinate reference system

coordinate reference system that has a dynamic reference frame

Note 1 to entry: Coordinates of points on or near the crust of the Earth that are referenced to a dynamic coordinate reference system may change with time, usually due to crustal deformations such as tectonic motion and glacial isostatic adjustment.

Note 2 to entry: Metadata for a dataset referenced to a dynamic coordinate reference system should include coordinate epoch information.

3.1.20

dynamic reference frame

dynamic datum

reference frame in which the defining parameters include time evolution

Note 1 to entry: The defining parameters that have time evolution are usually a coordinate set.

3.1.21

easting

E

distance in a coordinate system, eastwards (positive) or westwards (negative) from a north-south reference line

3.1.22

ellipsoid

reference ellipsoid

<geodesy> geometric reference surface embedded in 3D Euclidean space formed by an ellipse that is rotated about a main axis

Note 1 to entry: For the Earth the ellipsoid is bi-axial with rotation about the polar axis. This results in an oblate ellipsoid with the midpoint of the foci located at the nominal centre of the Earth.

3.1.23

ellipsoidal coordinate system

geodetic coordinate system

coordinate system in which position is specified by geodetic latitude, geodetic longitude and (in the three-dimensional case) ellipsoidal height

3.1.24

ellipsoidal height

geodetic height

h

distance of a point from the reference ellipsoid along the perpendicular from the reference ellipsoid to this point, positive if upwards or outside of the reference ellipsoid

Note 1 to entry: Only used as part of a three-dimensional ellipsoidal coordinate system or as part of a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system in a three-dimensional projected coordinate reference system, but never on its own.

3.1.25

engineering coordinate reference system

coordinate reference system based on an engineering datum

3.1.26

engineering datum

local datum

datum describing the relationship of a coordinate system to a local reference

Note 1 to entry: Engineering datum excludes both geodetic and vertical reference frames.

3.1.27

epoch

<geodesy> point in time

Note 1 to entry: In this document an epoch is expressed in the Gregorian calendar as a decimal year.

3.1.28

flattening

f

ratio of the difference between the semi-major axis (a) and semi-minor axis (b) of an ellipsoid to the semi-major axis: f = (a – b)/a

Note 1 to entry: Sometimes inverse flattening 1/f = a/(a − b) is given instead; 1/f is also known as reciprocal flattening.

3.1.29

frame reference epoch

epoch of coordinates that define a dynamic reference frame

3.1.30

geocentric latitude

angle from the equatorial plane to the direction from the centre of an ellipsoid through a given point, northwards treated as positive

3.1.31

geodetic coordinate reference system

three-dimensional coordinate reference system based on a geodetic reference frame and having either a three-dimensional Cartesian or a spherical coordinate system

Note 1 to entry: In this document a coordinate reference system based on a geodetic reference frame and having an ellipsoidal coordinate system is geographic.

3.1.32

geodetic latitude

ellipsoidal latitude

φ

angle from the equatorial plane to the perpendicular to the ellipsoid through a given point, northwards treated as positive

3.1.33

geodetic longitude

ellipsoidal longitude

λ

angle from the prime meridian plane to the meridian plane of a given point, eastward treated as positive

3.1.34

geodetic reference frame

reference frame or datum describing the relationship of a two- or three-dimensional coordinate system to the Earth

Note 1 to entry: In the data model described in this document, the UML class GeodeticReferenceFrame includes both modern terrestrial reference frames and classical geodetic datums.

3.1.35

geographic coordinate reference system

coordinate reference system that has a geodetic reference frame and an ellipsoidal coordinate system

3.1.36

geoid

equipotential surface of the Earth’s gravity field which is perpendicular to the direction of gravity and which best fits mean sea level either locally, regionally or globally

3.1.37

gravity-related height

H

height that is dependent on the Earth’s gravity field

Note 1 to entry: This refers to, amongst others, orthometric height and Normal height, which are both approximations of the distance of a point above the mean sea level, but also may include Normal-orthometric heights, dynamic heights or geopotential numbers.

Note 2 to entry: The distance from the reference surface may follow a curved line, not necessarily straight, as it is influenced by the direction of gravity.

3.1.38

height

distance of a point from a chosen reference surface positive upward along a line perpendicular to that surface

Note 1 to entry: A height below the reference surface will have a negative value.

Note 2 to entry: Generalisation of ellipsoidal height (h) and gravity-related height (H).

3.1.39

linear coordinate system

one-dimensional coordinate system in which a linear feature forms the axis

3.1.40

map projection

coordinate conversion from an ellipsoidal coordinate system to a plane

3.1.41

mean sea level

MSL

<geodesy> average level of the surface of the sea over all stages of tide and seasonal variations

Note 1 to entry: Mean sea level in a local context normally means mean sea level for the region calculated from observations at one or more points over a given period of time. To meet IHO standards that period should be one full lunar cycle of 19 years. Mean sea level in a global context differs from a global geoid by not more than 2 m.

3.1.42

meridian

intersection of an ellipsoid by a plane containing the shortest axis of the ellipsoid

Note 1 to entry: This term is generally used to describe the pole-to-pole arc rather than the complete closed figure.

3.1.43

northing

N

distance in a coordinate system, northwards (positive) or southwards (negative) from an east-west reference line

3.1.44

parameter reference epoch

epoch at which the parameter values of a time-dependent coordinate transformation are valid

Note 1 to entry: The transformation parameter values first need to be propagated to the epoch of the coordinates before the coordinate transformation can be applied.

3.1.45

parametric coordinate reference system

coordinate reference system based on a parametric datum

3.1.46

parametric coordinate system

one-dimensional coordinate system where the axis units are parameter values which are not inherently spatial

3.1.47

parametric datum

datum describing the relationship of a parametric coordinate system to an object

Note 1 to entry: The object is normally the Earth.

3.1.48

point motion operation

coordinate operation that changes coordinates within one coordinate reference system due to the motion of the point

Note 1 to entry: The change of coordinates is from those at an initial epoch to those at another epoch.

Note 2 to entry: In this document the point motion is due to tectonic motion or crustal deformation.

3.1.49

polar coordinate system

two-dimensional coordinate system in Euclidean space in which position is specified by one distance coordinate and one angular coordinate

Note 1 to entry: For the three-dimensional case, see spherical coordinate system.

3.1.50

prime meridian

meridian from which the longitudes of other meridians are quantified

3.1.51

projected coordinate reference system

coordinate reference system derived from a geographic coordinate reference system by applying a map projection

Note 1 to entry: May be two- or three-dimensional, the dimension being equal to that of the geographic coordinate reference system from which it is derived.

Note 2 to entry: In the three-dimensional case the horizontal coordinates (geodetic latitude and geodetic longitude coordinates) are projected to northing and easting and the ellipsoidal height is unchanged.

3.1.52

reference frame

datum

parameter or set of parameters that realize the position of the origin, the scale, and the orientation of a coordinate system

3.1.53

semi-major axis

a

semi-diameter of the longest axis of an ellipsoid

3.1.54

semi-minor axis

b

semi-diameter of the shortest axis of an ellipsoid

3.1.55

sequence

finite, ordered collection of related items (objects or values) that may be repeated

3.1.56

spatial reference

description of position in the real world

Note 1 to entry: This may take the form of a label, code or coordinate tuple.

3.1.57

spatio-parametric coordinate reference system

compound coordinate reference system in which one constituent coordinate reference system is a spatial coordinate reference system and one is a parametric coordinate reference system

Note 1 to entry: Normally the spatial component is “horizontal” and the parametric component is “vertical”.

3.1.58

spatio-parametric-temporal coordinate reference system

compound coordinate reference system comprised of spatial, parametric and temporal coordinate reference systems

3.1.59

spatio-temporal coordinate reference system

compound coordinate reference system in which one constituent coordinate reference system is a spatial coordinate reference system and one is a temporal coordinate reference system

3.1.60

spherical coordinate system

three-dimensional coordinate system in Euclidean space in which position is specified by one distance coordinate and two angular coordinates

Note 1 to entry: Not to be confused with an ellipsoidal coordinate system based on an ellipsoid ‘degenerated’ into a sphere.

3.1.61

static coordinate reference system

coordinate reference system that has a static reference frame

Note 1 to entry: Coordinates of points on or near the crust of the Earth that are referenced to a static coordinate reference system do not change with time.

Note 2 to entry: Metadata for a dataset referenced to a static coordinate reference system does not require coordinate epoch information.

3.1.62

static reference frame

static datum

reference frame in which the defining parameters exclude time evolution

3.1.63

temporal coordinate reference system

coordinate reference system based on a temporal datum

3.1.64

temporal coordinate system

<geodesy> one-dimensional coordinate system where the axis is time

3.1.65

temporal datum

datum describing the relationship of a temporal coordinate system to an object

Note 1 to entry: The object is normally time on the Earth.

3.1.66

terrestrial reference system

TRS

set of conventions defining the origin, scale, orientation and time evolution of a spatial reference system co-rotating with the Earth in its diurnal motion in space

Note 1 to entry: The abstract concept of a TRS is realised through a terrestrial reference frame that usually consists of a set of physical points with precisely determined coordinates and optionally their rates of change. In this document terrestrial reference frame is included within the geodetic reference frame element of the data model.

3.1.67

transformation reference epoch

epoch at which the parameter values of a time-specific coordinate transformation are valid

Note 1 to entry: Coordinates first need to be propagated to this epoch before the coordinate transformation is applied. This is in contrast to a parameter reference epochwhere the transformation parameter values first need to be propagated to the epoch of the coordinates before the coordinate transformation is applied.

3.1.68

tuple

ordered list of values

[SOURCE:ISO 19136:2007, 4.1.63]

3.1.69

unit

defined quantity in which dimensioned parameters are expressed

Note 1 to entry: In this document, the subtypes of units are length units, angular units, scale units, parametric quantities and time quantities.

3.1.70

vertical coordinate reference system

one-dimensional coordinate reference system based on a vertical reference frame

3.1.71

vertical coordinate system

one-dimensional coordinate system used for gravity-related height or depth measurements

3.1.72

vertical reference frame

vertical datum

reference frame describing the relation of gravity-related heights or depths to the Earth

Note 1 to entry: In most cases, the vertical reference frame will be related to mean sea level. Vertical datums include sounding datums (used for hydrographic purposes), in which case the heights may be negative heights or depths.

Note 2 to entry: Ellipsoidal heights are related to a three-dimensional ellipsoidal coordinate system referenced to a geodetic reference frame.

3.1.73

vertical reference system

VRS

set of conventions defining the origin, scale, orientation and time evolution that describes the relationship of gravity-related heights or depths to the Earth

Note 1 to entry: The abstract concept of a VRS is realised through a vertical reference frame.