ISO 19952:2025 靴 — 語彙 | ページ 6

3.1.1

研磨剤

こすると柔らかい材料がすり減ってしまう硬い物質

注記 1:研磨剤は通常、接着用の材料を準備するために使用されます。

3.1.2

接着剤

セメント

2 つの表面を接着するために使用される化合物

3.1.3

パン屋

通常、強度や補強を加えるために別の材料に適用される材料

3.1.4

バインディング

<material> (セクションの) 端に取り付けられるか巻き付けられる細い材料のストリップ

3.1.5

底の詰め物

底部フィラー

アウトソール アセンブリの上の最後のマージン内の空隙を埋めるために使用される材料（3.2.2）

注記 1: 図 2, 図 3, 図 4, 図 5, および図 10 を参照。

3.1.6

橋

靴のサポート

輸送中や保管中に履物を支え、その形状を維持するための硬化した紙、プラスチック、木材、またはその他の材料

注記 1:記入済みの紙はブリッジとしても機能します。

3.1.7

コーティングされた生地

ポリウレタン、ポリ塩化ビニル (PVC)、またはゴムなどのポリマーまたはプラスチック コーティングで覆われた織物

3.1.8

コーティングされた革

コーティングされたスプリットレザー

＜素材＞ 本革（3.1.20） および外側の表面コーティングwhere 製品全体の厚さの1/3以下0.15mmを超えるスプリットレザー

[出典:ISO 15115:2019, 3.22, 修正 - 「コーティングおよびコーティングされたスプリットレザー」という優先用語は、「コーティングされたレザー」と「コーティングされたスプリットレザー」という 2 つの優先用語に変更されました。

3.1.9

コーティング

材料を 1 回または複数回塗布して基材の 表面 (3.6.22) に形成される層

3.1.10

複合素材

複合材料

機械的に分離できないいくつかの異なる原材料の組み合わせから構成される材料

3.1.11

倍密度

二重密度

1 つまたは 2 つのポリマーからなる、密度の異なる 2 つの層を含むソール素材、固体および/またはセル構造の 構造 (3.2.16)

3.1.12

弾性のある

伸びて元の形状に戻ることを可能にするゴムまたは同様の物質を含むテープ、コード、または布地

注記 1:一般に弾性材料は、 アッパー (3.3.65) の構造、 クォーター (3.3.48) 、または靴を足に固定するストラップに使用されます。

3.1.13

対面ステー

アイレット (3.3.25) が フェーサー (3.3.26) を突き抜けるのを防ぐために使用される 補強 (3.1.21 )

3.1.14

フォーム

細孔がすべてまたは部分的に相互に連通している多孔質材料

3.1.15

キツネ

アッパー(3.3.65) とソールを繋ぎ曲げ強度を高める素材

注記 1:一般に、フォクシングは通常、加硫靴に使用されます。

3.1.16

ヒールフラップ

ルイのハイヒール

かかとの胸部 (3.3.34) に貼り付けられたソール素材。ここで, ソールは ウエスト (3.6.29) から後方に続き、かかとの前部 (胸部) を通って かかとの先端 (3.3.36) まで伸びています。

注記 1:このようなヒールは、胸の上部がウエストに溶け込むような曲率を必要とします。

3.1.17

ヒールグリップ

歩行中の かかと（3.3.33）の 滑りを防ぐために、履物の アッパー（3.3.65） の後部の内側に適用される材料の細片。

3.1.18

ヒールリフト

トップピース (3.3.61) を除く、 内蔵ヒール (3.3.10) の一部を形成する単一層の材料

3.1.19

芯地

ライニング (3.3.42) と アッパー (3.3.65) の間の素材

3.1.20

レザー

元の繊維構造が多かれ少なかれ無傷である皮または皮膚、ここで, 毛または羊毛が除去されているかどうか、なめしの前後に皮または皮膚が層に分割またはセグメント化されているかどうかに関係なく、表面コーティングまたは表面層がどのように適用されたとしても、その厚さは 0.15 mm 以下であるwhere

注記 1:なめした皮または皮膚が機械的および/または化学的に繊維状粒子、小片または粉末に分解され、その後、結合剤の組み合わせの有無にかかわらず、シートまたは他の形態に作られる場合、そのようなシートは、またはフォームが革ではありません。

注記 2:銀面層が完全に除去されている場合、皮革という用語は、さらなる修飾なしに使用してはならない(例: スプリットレザー、スエードレザー)

注記 3:材料は動物由来のものでなければならない。

[出典:ISO 15115:2019, 3.52]

3.1.21

強化

製造中または着用中に アッパー (3.3.65) および/またはライニング材料または アウトソール (3.3.47) の強度を向上させ、伸縮性を変更するために使用される材料

3.1.22

厚い革

厚さが 2 mm を超える 革 (3.1.20)

3.1.23

上向き

裏地 (3.3.42) を仕上げて履物を補強するために、履物の アッパー (3.3.65) の内側に縫い付けられた材料の細片。

3.2.1

adhesion

state in which two surfaces are joined together by chemical bond or interfacial forces

Note 1 to entry: This can be via adhesive, or through a chemical reaction, i.e. thermoplastic adhesion where the soling is stuck to the rubber shoe via heating.

3.2.2

assembly

matching or bringing together the various components (3.3.16) of the footwear with or without the lasts

3.2.3

attached rib

ply rib

rib

wall which is perpendicular to the flat surface (3.6.22) of a sole or insole (3.3.39) and slightly inward from the edge, usually made of fabric, fixed to the insole to present a wall similar to a Goodyear insole rib

Note 1 to entry: This can be formed by cutting a channel or lip or by folding a piece of material.

Note 2 to entry: See Figure 4.

3.2.4

back seam

seam (3.2.34) at the back of the heel (3.3.33) joining or closing the upper (3.3.65) together

3.2.5

beading

folding

process of folding over an edge, usually the top line (3.3.60)

3.2.6

binding

<process> attaching a narrow strip around an edge

3.2.7

Blake sewn

<process> chainstitch (3.2.13) method in which the upper (3.3.65) and sole are sewn together with a single stitch from the inside, resulting in a clean and seamless appearance on the exterior of the footwear

Note 1 to entry: This sewing method was invented by Blake.

Note 2 to entry: See Figure 10.

3.2.8

bottom assembly

<process> bringing together all the parts of the footwear bottom

3.2.9

buffing

bringing up a shine or polishing or roughing or scouring in preparation for adhesion (3.2.1)

3.2.10

burnishing

treatment to add highlights, including edge treatment involving application of heat to a skive so that it assumes a quarter-round section

3.2.11

butt seam

seam (3.2.34) made by butting two edges together with no overlap, usually sewn using a zigzag stitch

3.2.12

California

construction (3.2.16) in which the upper (3.3.65) is stitched to a flexible insole (3.3.39) or a light sock (3.3.31) to make a bag into which the last (3.6.13) is forced

Note 1 to entry: The band is then used to cover the edge of a midsole (3.3.43) before the outsole (3.3.47) is stuck on.

3.2.13

chainstitch

stitch made by a single thread passing to and fro through a hole in the material and caught on one side by a loop formed by the previous stitch

3.2.14

cohesion

state in which the particles of a single substance are held together by the primary or secondary valence forces

3.2.15

construction

<process> particular method or process used for constructing or assembling a sole ( outsole (3.3.47) )

3.2.16

construction

<process result> manner in which the outsole (3.3.47) is attached to the upper (3.3.65)

3.2.16.1

cemented construction

flat lasted

stuck-on sole construction

stuck-on

method of construction where the upper (3.3.65) is fixed or lasted to the sole using adhesive (3.1.2)

3.2.17

cutting area

usable area of material, for example, a hide or skin, from which components (3.3.16) are cut

3.2.18

direct moulding

method of having a sole/heel mould that is held against the lasted upper (3.3.65) , making contact at the bite-line where the welt-plate touches the upper, thus enclosing a cavity within which the sole/heel is formed

3.2.18.1

injection moulding

type of direct moulding (3.2.18) where the sole is formed from polymer that is forced into the mould while in a molten state

3.2.18.2

direct vulcanizing

dv moulded

type of construction (3.2.16) where uncured rubber is placed in a sole mould in contact with the lasted margin of the upper (3.3.65) and cured or vulcanized in situ via the application of heat and pressure

3.2.18.3

reaction moulding

type of construction (3.2.16) where a sole, such as a polyurethane (PUR) sole, is formed in the mould attached to the lasted upper by mixing the components of the PUR (e.g. polyol and isocyanate) immediately before they are introduced into the mould and where the components react in the mould to produce a cellular PUR outsole

3.2.19

direction of stretch

directions with the most and least stretch (modulus) respectively, usually with leather (3.1.20) , but also with other upper materials

3.2.20

edge

3.2.20.1

edge finishing

application of inks and colorants to raw edges

3.2.20.2

edge guide

mechanical device fitted to equipment to aid following of edges, often seen on stitching machines

3.2.20.3

edge iron

setter

heat treatment applied by using a tool shaped to match the edge profile and to make edges smooth

3.2.20.4

edge trimming

operation with tool to define the profile on the edge of a component (3.3.16) so its edge is neat and/or matches an adjacent component

Note 1 to entry: Top stitching is often known as under edge trimming.

3.2.21

finishing

<process> applying the final treatments, colourants and glosses to footwear

3.2.22

fitting

<process> matching the dimensions of the foot most accurately to a given size of foot

3.2.23

force lasting

method of lasting (3.2.28) where the upper (3.3.65) is joined to the insole (3.3.39) or insock (3.3.38) and forced on to a last (3.6.13)

3.2.24

Goodyear welted

type of construction (3.2.16) in which the welt (3.3.70) and the upper (3.3.65) are sewn to the insole rib (3.2.3) by the welt sewing (3.2.48) machine or by hand, then welt is sewn to the midsole (3.3.43) or outsole (3.3.47)

3.2.25

halogenation

treatment, usually with chlorine, to improve the bondability (3.5.4) of materials

Note 1 to entry: Other halogens such as iodine or bromine may also be used.

3.2.26

lace hooks

<factory> small hooks inserted like eyelets (3.3.25) into footwear or boot facings (3.3.26) used for temporary closing during lasting (3.2.28) , to prevent damage

3.2.27

lacing

drawing together, or fastening, two opposite portions of the upper (3.3.65) with a lace (3.3.40) drawn through eyelets (3.3.25) or around hooks

3.2.28

lasting

footwear-making operation that pulls and stretches the upper (3.3.65) to conform to the shape of the last (3.6.13)

3.2.29

lockstitch

double thread stitch that locks the threads together within the material so that breaking one stitch does not permit the seam (3.2.34) to come apart

3.2.30

Norwegian construction

reversed welted

variation of the welted construction (3.2.16) in which the welt (3.3.70) (with a specifically designed cross section) is sewn vertically to the side of footwear, so that the sewing is visible, the major part of the welt below the sewing is then out-flanged and the sole stitched to this flange

3.2.31

roughing

mechanically treating the lasted margin of the upper (3.3.65) in order to improve adhesion (3.2.1) usually by using a rotating wire brush or scouring band

3.2.32

rub

flatten any protrusion on the upper (3.3.65) or lining (3.3.42) , usually applied to a raised seam (3.2.34)

3.2.33

saddle seam stitch

seam (3.2.34) , usually with decorative purposes, formed by placing two pieces of material together facing outwards and stitching close to the edge with heavy thread to give the appearance of hand sewing

3.2.34

seam

line of stitching that joins two or more components together

3.2.35

side wall sewn

footwear construction (3.2.16) in which the upper (3.3.65) is directly stitched to the side wall running around the footwear

3.2.36

slug , verb

<process> reinforce the top piece (3.3.61) of a heel (3.3.33) by driving in a series of metal nails or slugs around the perimeter thus giving increased resistance to wear during walking

3.2.37

split , verb

cut a material into two or more layers

3.2.38

spring

toe spring

<footwear> distance between the ground level and the bottom surface (3.6.22) of the sole at the toe

3.2.39

stamping

imprinting information, usually using heat or pressure, onto the sock (3.3.31) lining (3.3.42) or sole

3.2.40

stitch density

number of stitches per unit length

3.2.41

stitchdown

veldtschoen

basic footwear construction (3.2.16) where the edge of the upper (3.3.65) is lasted outward and stitched with a welt (3.3.70) directly to the insole (3.3.39) or sole, and the sole is attached by stuck-on (3.2.16.1)

3.2.42

string lasted construction

construction (3.2.16) where a string around the lasting margin is used to fix the upper (3.3.65) at the last (3.6.13)

3.2.43

Ströbel construction

construction (3.2.16) wherein the edge of the insole (3.3.39) is stitched at the edge of the upper (3.3.65) and the ströbel stitching position is matching with the feather edge (3.3.27) of the last (3.6.13)

3.2.44

tack lasting

type of lasting (3.2.28) carried out on a plated last (3.6.13) in which the upper (3.3.65) is fixed by tacks not subsequently removed

3.2.45

tight to toe

correct way to cut upper components with the direction of material stretch perpendicular to the direction of greatest lasting tension

3.2.46

waist lasting

side lasting

lasting (3.2.28) process applied to the upper (3.3.65) from toe to waist (3.6.29)

3.2.47

welt beating

welt hammering

operation of lightly beating the welt (3.3.70) into a smooth position around the edge of the footwear prior to attaching the sole

3.2.48

welt sewing

sewing of the welt (3.3.70) and the upper (3.3.65) on to the raised lip of the insole (3.3.39)

Note 1 to entry: See Figure 4.

3.2.49

wheeling , noun

ornamental line made across a footwear sole or around a heel rand by means of a corrugated wheel

3.2.50

whole cut

one-piece upper (3.3.65)

Note 1 to entry: This is distinct from one consisting of a number of joined sections.

3.2.51

wrinkle chase , noun

removal of creases in an upper (3.3.65) by heating or in other ways

Note 1 to entry: For leather (3.1.20) , this is done by using heat to cause the grain surface of the leather to shrink slightly therefore eliminating fine wrinkles on the upper.

3.2.52

yield area

proportion of material used in cutting a pattern, as opposed to the waste generated

3.3.1

accessible components

components that can be directly reached or touched without dismantling or destroying any permanent joining of the footwear

3.3.2

accessory

indispensable visible components which have a technical function in the footwear construction (3.2.16)

3.3.3

apron

plug

central portion on the top of the vamp (3.3.66)

3.3.4

arch support

shaped piece usually of shank (3.3.50) , wood, firm rubber or similar material fitted to the insole (3.3.39) in the arch (3.6.1) region

3.3.5

Blake sewn

<component> sole sewn on by a chainstitch (3.2.13) , using single or double thread

3.3.6

bottom assembly

<component> bottom parts of a footwear which can include insole (3.3.39) , welt (3.3.70) , midsole (3.3.43) , shank (3.3.50) , non-removable insock (3.3.38) , heel (3.3.33) and outsole (3.3.47)

3.3.7

bottom unit

sole unit or complete sole with heel (3.3.33) attached

3.3.8

bottom wall

upright edge on the side of the sole

3.3.9

box toe

toe puff

piece of material (fabric, composite or metal) inserted as a stiffener (3.3.18) in the toe of a footwear between the outside and the lining (3.3.42) to retain the original contour of the toe of the last (3.6.13) in the footwear

3.3.10

built heel

stacked heel

heel (3.3.33) comprising several layers or lifts

3.3.11

cap

section covering the toe area of the vamp (3.3.66)

3.3.12

cleat

solid protrusion of a tread (3.3.62) pattern of sole

3.3.13

cleat sole

sole with a tread (3.3.62) pattern containing cleats

3.3.14

collar

cuff

upper (3.3.65) section which follows the top line (3.3.60) or top edge of the quarters (3.3.48)

3.3.15

complete upper assembly

finished upper (3.3.65) , fully seamed, joined or laminated together as appropriate, comprising the centre material and any lining(s) together with all components such as interlinings, adhesives (3.1.2) , membranes, foams or reinforcements (3.1.21) , but excluding toe puffs and stiffeners (3.3.18)

Note 1 to entry: The complete upper assembly can be flat, two-dimensional or comprise lasted upper in the final footwear.

3.3.16

component

part of the footwear

3.3.17

component in contact with the skin

component (3.3.16) closely in contact with foot or leg skin during wearing

Note 1 to entry: Foot (leg) skin hose includes sock, stocking, tights, etc.

Note 2 to entry: If a footwear has no lining, the inside of the upper (3.3.65) should be taken as lining and regarded as component in contact with the skin.

3.3.18

counter

stiffener

support to give stiffness, inserted between the lining (3.3.42) and the upper (3.3.65) , or outside the upper over the heel area

3.3.19

covered heel

heel (3.3.33) covered entirely with material

3.3.20

D-ring

metal or plastic piece often used for sport footwear, enabling a lace (3.3.40) to slide but different from an eyelet (3.3.25) or a lace hook (3.3.41)

3.3.21

decorative attachment

ornament

component (3.3.16) with no functional property and usually designed for aesthetic purposes

Note 1 to entry: If a decorative attachment is removed, there is no function loss for the footwear.

3.3.22

direct moulded sole

sole made by direct moulding (3.2.18)

3.3.23

drawn-up toe

part of the outsole (3.3.47) that extends up onto the toe area at the front of the footwear, used to strengthen the bond between the sole and the upper (3.3.65)

3.3.24

extended sole

sole whose edge protrudes from around the feather edge (3.3.27)

3.3.25

eyelet

metal or plastic tube or cylinder inserted through the thickness of an upper (3.3.65) to take a lace (3.3.40) or thread

3.3.26

facer

facings

facing row

part of the upper (3.3.65) carrying the eyelets (3.3.25)

Note 1 to entry: It is usually present in rows.

3.3.27

feather edge

line that denotes the boundary between the sole and the upper (3.3.65)

3.3.28

fibreboard

material made from fibres, usually either leather (3.1.20) or cellulose, which has been reconstituted into a sheet (or board) using paper-making techniques

3.3.29

footbed

component (3.3.16) fitted onto either the insole (3.3.39) or the insock (3.3.38) , or both, usually to aid either fit or comfort, or both, e.g. via contouring or shock absorption

3.3.30

forepart

front half of a last (3.6.13) or footwear, i.e. the toe end

3.3.31

full sock

sock

single layer of material permanently bound to the foot side of the insole (3.3.39)

3.3.32

half sock

seat sock

sock (3.3.31) covering only half the visible area of the insole (3.3.39) , usually the heel end

3.3.33

heel

3.3.34

heel breast

forward face of the heel (3.3.33)

Note 1 to entry: See Figure 13.

3.3.35

heel seat

part of the heel (3.3.33) that is in contact with the upper (3.3.65)

Note 1 to entry: See Figure 13.

3.3.36

heel tip

reinforcement (3.1.21) of metal, rubber or plastic, fixed to the bottom of a heel top piece (3.3.61) to give increased wear resistance at this point during walking

Note 1 to entry: See Figure 13.

3.3.37

inaccessible component

component (3.3.16) hidden inside which cannot be reached or touched without dismantling or destroying some permanent joining of the footwear

3.3.38

insock

component (3.3.16) , usually multilayer (removable or not), covering the insole (3.3.39) to improve the performance, comfort and shock absorption of the bottom assembly (3.3.6)

3.3.39

insole

component (3.3.16) used to form the base of the footwear to which the upper (3.3.65) is usually attached during lasting (3.2.28)

3.3.40

lace

cord or string used for drawing together two edges, usually the quarters (3.3.48) of a footwear

3.3.41

lace hooks

<footwear> small hooks inserted like eyelets (3.3.25) into footwear or boot facings (3.3.26) to hold the lace (3.3.40) for fastening

3.3.42

lining

materials that constitute the inside of the footwear and that are against the foot, leg or sock

Note 1 to entry: To aid labelling ここで, there are no other pieces of material attached to the upper (3.3.65) to form a lining, the inner face of the upper is considered as the lining. Any uncovered part of the insole is included in the calculation. Where one material constitutes at least 80 % of the surface area of the inside of the footwear, this is labelled as one of the material types listed in EU Directive 94/11/EC.^[54] Where no one material constitutes at least 80 % of the inside area of the footwear, the two main materials are described (in descending order of area).

3.3.43

midsole

runner

through sole

layer of material, usually combination of rigid support materials and polymeric foam materials of varying Shore hardness values, inserted between the outsole (3.3.47) and the insole (3.3.39)

Note 1 to entry: See Figure 5 and Figure 28.

3.3.44

multilayer sole

sole that comprises two or more layers

3.3.45

multiple D-ring

plastic piece gathering several D-rings (3.3.20) and usually sewn on to the upper (3.3.65)

3.3.46

orthotic

moulded insert in a footwear which provides support at the arch (3.6.1) , heel (3.6.9) or ball of the foot

3.3.47

outsole

bottom component (3.3.16) of the footwear, at least part of which is in contact with the ground

3.3.48

quarter

complete half (either inside or out) of the back area of the footwear upper (3.3.65) covering the side and counter (3.3.18)

3.3.49

quarter lining

material that lines the quarter (3.3.48) of an upper (3.3.65)

3.3.50

shank

thin strip of material in different shape, usually wood or steel, used to stiffen or prevent excessive bending of the plantar arch (3.6.1)

3.3.51

slide fastener

means of securing two flexible materials consisting of interlockable teeth (3.3.51.7) , each attached to one of the opposing edges of two tapes (3.3.51.6) , and a movable slider (3.3.51.4) that spans the interlocking teeth, which, when moved in one direction, causes the teeth of one tape to interlock with the teeth of the other tape

Note 1 to entry: When the slider is moved in the opposite direction, it causes the teeth to disengage.

3.3.51.1

end stop

top stop

terminal component of the teeth (3.3.51.7) to prevent the slider (3.3.51.4) from disengaging from the teeth and tape (3.3.51.6)

3.3.51.2

locking device

component (3.3.16) that prevents unintended movement of the slider (3.3.51.4) during use or wear

3.3.51.3

puller

piece of plastic or metal attached to the slider (3.3.51.4) as a means of manual grip for the user to operate

3.3.51.4

slider

means of drawing the two interlocking teeth (3.3.51.7) together or apart as it traverses the length of the teeth

3.3.51.5

stringer

textile tape (3.3.51.6) with an attached row of teeth (3.3.51.7) designed to interact with a row attached to another tape

3.3.51.6

tape

fabric panel to support other teeth (3.3.51.7) of the slide fastener (3.3.51)

3.3.51.7

teeth

individual components (3.3.16) of the slide fastener (3.3.51) or continuous plastic spiral which interlocks with an opposing element

3.3.52

slug

<component> small pointed piece of metal, with or without a head, or a piece of metal wire cut and driven in mechanically, intended to fix together the separate layers of a heel (3.3.33) or various parts of the footwear bottom

3.3.53

spike heel

very high tapering heel (3.3.33)

3.3.54

stiletto heel

medium or high heel (35 mm or above) with a very small top piece (3.3.61) tapering in to a very fine point

3.3.55

Thomas heel

heel (3.3.33) manufactured with an anterior medial extension approximately 1,27 cm longer than the standard heel

Note 1 to entry: The purpose of the Thomas heel is to give added support under the sustentaculum tali and the medial longitudinal arch.

3.3.55.1

lateral Thomas heel

heel (3.3.33) that supports the cuboid area and rotates the foot externally, thus abducting the foot

Note 1 to entry: A wedge can be inserted if additional support is needed.

Note 2 to entry: See Figure 18.

3.3.56

throat

footwear vamp (3.3.66) opening as the entrance for the forepart of the foot

3.3.57

toe cap

forepart (3.3.30) of the upper (3.3.65) which extends from the tip of the footwear to part way up the vamp (3.3.66)

3.3.58

tongue

part of the upper (3.3.65) , or a section fixed to the upper, which extends from the rear edge of the vamp (3.3.66) and lies under the lacing as a protection for the instep

3.3.59

top lift

outermost layer in a built-up heel to which the top piece (3.3.61) is joined

3.3.60

top line

line that runs around the footwear at the top of the vamp (3.3.66) and quarter (3.3.48)

3.3.61

top piece

part of the heel (3.3.33) , usually detachable, in contact with the walking surface

Note 1 to entry: See Figure 13.

3.3.62

tread

weight-bearing pattern and surface (3.6.22) of the sole of a footwear

3.3.63

trim

item attached to the upper (3.3.65) , including either decorative or functional attachments, or both

3.3.64

unit sole

moulded sole in which heel (3.3.33) and sole are moulded as a single unit in predetermined sizes

3.3.65

upper

materials forming the outer face of the footwear, which is attached to the sole assembly (3.2.2) and covers the upper dorsal surface of the foot

Note 1 to entry: In the case of boots (3.4.4) , this also includes the outer face of the material covering the leg. Only the materials that are visible are included, no account should be taken of underlying materials.

Note 2 to entry: To aid labelling ここで, one material constitutes at least 80 % of the surface area, this is labelled as one of the types of material listed in EU Directive 94/11/EC.^[54] Where no one material constitutes at least 80 % of the upper area, the two main materials are described (in descending order of area). No account should be taken of accessories or purely decorative trims.

3.3.66

vamp

fore section of the upper (3.3.65) , excluding the quarters, which covers the toes and front of the foot

3.3.67

vamp lining

piece of material which lines the vamp (3.3.66) of an upper (3.3.65)

3.3.68

vamp wing

each side of the back vamp (3.3.66) edges where they lie over the quarter (3.3.48)

3.3.69

wedge-shaped heel

solid heel (3.3.33) extending from the back of the footwear to the ball of the footwear making a flat treading surface along the entire length of the footwear

3.3.70

welt

flexible strip of material around the edge of the sole

Note 1 to entry: See Figure 4 and Figure 6.

3.3.71

wing cap

wing-shaped overlay, often perforated and with a gimped edge, applied to the vamp (3.3.66) for a decorative effect

3.4.1

ankle boot

high cut footwear

boot (3.4.4) or footwear with upper (3.3.65) extending to just cover the ankle (malleolus)

3.4.1.1

Balmoral

style of ankle boot (3.4.1) which follows the Oxford style of facing with the vamp (3.3.66) overlaying the quarters (3.3.48) , in which the side curve of the vamp does not meet the feather line but extends towards the back to meet the back strap

3.4.1.2

Chelsea boot

close-fitting ankle boot (3.4.1) with low heel (3.3.33) , round toe cap (3.3.57) , no lace (3.3.40) and moderately shaped elastic belt (panels) on the side, that usually has a tab or loop on the back of the boot, enabling it to be pulled on

3.4.1.3

Chukka boot

ankle boot (3.4.1) with suede or leather (3.1.20) upper (3.3.65) , leather or rubber outsole (3.3.47) , and open-lacing with two or three pairs of eyelets (3.3.25)

3.4.2

antimicrobial footwear

footwear that includes linings (3.3.42) , insocks (3.3.38) , uppers (3.3.65) and other components (3.3.16) made of antimicrobial materials or treated with antimicrobial agents to kill microorganisms or to inhibit their growth

3.4.3

ballet footwear

lightweight footwear designed for dancing, made of satin upper material, ribbon fasteners and no heel (3.3.33)

Note 1 to entry: The toe of ballet footwear may be soft or solid for specific dances.

3.4.4

boot

footwear with a leg section above the ankle

Note 1 to entry: According to the height of upper (3.3.65) , the boot can be classified into high-tops, half-knee boot, knee-high boot, over-knees boot, etc.

3.4.5

Brogue footwear

footwear characterised by multiple-piece, sturdy leather (3.1.20) uppers (3.3.65) with decorative perforations along the visible edges of the upper parts

Note 1 to entry: The degree of perforated embellishments decoration ranges from a few details on the toe cap (3.3.57) to full decoration from toe to heel. According to shape and decoration of the upper parts, Brogue can be classified into full Brogue, semi Brogue, quarter Brogue and longwing Brogue.

3.4.5.1

full Brogue

footwear with toe cap (3.3.57) decorations that extend back to the middle of the footwear, creating what looks like wings, usually called wing cap (3.3.71)

Note 1 to entry: Full brogue footwear is also decorated along the sides of the upper (3.3.65) and heel piece.

3.4.5.2

semi Brogue

footwear that has decorations on the toe cap (3.3.57) and along the rim of the upper (3.3.65) and heel piece

3.4.5.3

quarter Brogue

footwear that has decorations on toe cap (3.3.57) rim, upper (3.3.65) and heel piece

3.4.5.4

longwing Brogue

footwear with toe cap (3.3.57) decoration that extends and wraps all the way around the heel of the footwear, and with decoration along the rim of the upper (3.3.65)

3.4.6

Brothel-creeper

footwear with a very heavy crepe rubber sole

3.4.7

children’s footwear

footwear designed and manufactured for children aged 3 to 14 years

3.4.8

closed footwear

type of footwear in which the upper (3.3.65) is connected to all the perimeter of sole

3.4.9

closed-lacing footwear

footwear with the facer (3.3.26) attached under the vamp (3.3.66)

3.4.10

cold weather footwear

footwear designed and manufactured to give specific protection to the wearer during use in sub-zero temperatures and in ice or snow or on frozen underfoot surfaces

Note 1 to entry: Cold weather footwear is also suitable for specific cold environments.

3.4.11

court footwear

open footwear with a plain top line (3.3.60) and without fastening, as the shoe holds onto the foot by the ‘clip’ of the top line and the stiffener (3.3.18) around the heel

3.4.11.1

d’Orsay

style of court footwear in which the top line (3.3.60) drops down to the insole in the waist (3.6.29) , i.e. it is open waisted

3.4.12

diabetes footwear

footwear designed for diabetic patient’s foot protection

3.4.13

fashion footwear

footwear designed and manufactured for light wear in which style is prevalent

3.4.13.1

high fashion footwear

footwear with a limited design and manufacture where fashion appeal style is the most important parameter

3.4.14

footwear

shoe

article(s) made of a sole ( outsole (3.3.47) ) and an upper (3.3.65) in different materials designed to protect or cover the foot

Note 1 to entry: This shall be interpreted to mean all types of footwear without restriction, including boots (3.4.4) , slippers, sandals, etc.

[SOURCE:ISO 9407:2019, 3.1]

3.4.15

general purpose footwear

footwear manufactured as suitable for formal, semi-formal, casual and other general purposes

3.4.15.1

casual footwear

footwear designed and manufactured as suitable for out-of-work leisure and spare time activities

3.4.15.1.1

boat footwear

deck footwear

top sider

type of casual footwear (3.4.15.1) known for its water-resistant hide, slip-resistant sole, low profile and side lacing (3.2.27)

Note 1 to entry: Boat footwear is considered less formal than dress footwear but more formal than Loafers.

3.4.15.2

dress footwear

formal footwear

footwear worn on formal occasions, which is paired with formal attire or dress suits and is often crafted from high-quality leather (3.1.20) or other premium materials, with great attention paid to detail

3.4.15.2.1

Derbies

lace-up style of footwear with facings (3.3.26) that do not touch at the front, but overlay the vamp (3.3.66)

3.4.15.2.2

Oxford footwear

lace-up style footwear in which the vamp (3.3.66) overlays the closed tab quarters (3.3.48)

3.4.16

general purpose sports footwear

general purpose athletic footwear

footwear designed and manufactured as suitable for wear during a variety of non-specialist sporting activities

3.4.17

galosh

type of overshoe or rubber boot (3.4.4) that is put on over shoes to keep them from getting muddy or wet during inclement weather

3.4.18

indoor footwear

footwear designed and manufactured as having adequate durability and comfort for wear indoors, around the house, unsuitable for use as a town footwear (3.4.37) and unlikely to offer protection from inclement weather or harsh wear environments

3.4.19

infant’s footwear

footwear designed and manufactured to be worn or used by infants below the age of 36 months

Note 1 to entry: Footwear size less than 170 is generally regarded as infants’ footwear.

3.4.20

low cut footwear

footwear where the quarter (3.3.48) is lower than the ankle

3.4.21

Martin boots

boots (3.4.4) which usually have thick (rubber) soles with large round top open-lacing uppers (3.3.65)

Note 1 to entry: Martin boots were first designed by Dr. Klaus Martens and named after him.

3.4.22

Mary Jane footwear

bar footwear

strap footwear

footwear with a rounded top line (3.3.60) at the front and a toe cap (3.3.57) that covers the whole toe, and with a single strap over the instep, which is attached by buttons or buckles

3.4.23

moccasin

3.4.23.1

moccasin

<original> footwear whose vamp (3.3.66) completely enclosed the foot, wrapping it round from underneath

3.4.23.2

moccasin

<current> footwear with the upper (3.3.65) of similar appearance to that of moccasin (3.4.23.1) , but with the outsole (3.3.47) stitched or stuck on

3.4.24

monk

closed footwear (3.4.8) held to the foot by a strap across the instep

Note 1 to entry: Monk can be classified into single monk and double monk based on whether single-buckle or double-buckle monk straps are used.

3.4.25

open footwear

type of footwear where the upper (3.3.65) is not connected to all the perimeter of the outsole (3.3.47)

3.4.25.1

open back footwear

footwear without a back part or counter (3.3.18) or whose back part consists only of a hold-on strap

3.4.25.2

slingback

footwear in which the upper (3.3.65) at the back consists of a strap that passes around the back of the foot at a height similar to the top line (3.3.60) of a conventional shoe, leaving the heel of the foot exposed

3.4.26

open-lacing footwear

footwear with the piece of lacing eyelets (3.3.25) attached on top of the vamp (3.3.66)

3.4.27

orthopaedic footwear

prophylactic therapeutic footwear

footwear used for therapeutic management of a particular abnormality of the foot

Note 1 to entry: Orthopaedic footwear can be individually-produced or mass produced.

3.4.28

peep-toe footwear

footwear with a style of upper (3.3.65) in which the toe is open so that all or some of the toes are visible

3.4.29

platform footwear

footwear which has a thick sole in the forepart (3.3.30)

Note 1 to entry: See Figure 35.

3.4.30

professional sports footwear

specialized sports footwear

footwear that is designed and manufactured according to the requirements of the respective sport

Note 1 to entry: Specialized sports footwear which is designed for a sporting activity has, or has provision for the attachment of, spikes, sprigs, stops, clips, bars or the like.

3.4.30.1

baseball footwear

footwear designed and manufactured for baseball ここで, the sole bottom is usually equipped with antiskid metal nail or eraser head

3.4.30.2

basketball footwear

sports footwear designed for basketball sports ここで, the sole bottom is generally flat, focusing on shock absorption function, and the height of the quarter (3.3.48) is usually above the ankle to protect it from injury

3.4.30.3

boxing footwear

footwear designed and manufactured for boxing, and provided with good elasticity and grip

3.4.31

pump

style of footwear with a low-cut front or vamp (3.3.66) exposing the instep, including a type of low heel court footwear, usually with a plain round throat (3.3.56) or top line (3.3.60)

3.4.32

rubber footwear

footwear in which a rubber sole is vulcanized to the upper (3.3.65)

Note 1 to entry: Rubber footwear is a common trade classification (as distinct from non-rubber footwear) and usually includes protective rubber footwear.

3.4.33

sandal

open toe style of footwear with a sole held on to the wearers’ foot by straps, typically around the forepart (3.3.30) and instep

3.4.33.1

Chappal

Chupplee

type of sandal consisting of a flat or tapered sole and one or two upper straps which are attached between the toes, cross over at the forepart (3.3.30) and pass around the heel to be joined by a buckle

3.4.33.2

flip-flops

type of light sandal, which consist of a flat sole held loosely on the foot with a Y-shaped (usually) polymeric strap (toe post) between the big and second toe and around both sides of the foot

3.4.34

service footwear

footwear used for service purposes

3.4.35

slipper

open type of footwear having an upper part not covering the entire foot and which do not have a back strap but may have a back support

3.4.35.1

babouche

Turkish or Moroccan slipper, often described as backless or heel-less

3.4.35.2

Grecian slipper

indoor footwear in which the top line (3.3.60) of the quarter (3.3.48) and vamp (3.3.66) both curves downwards to overlap on each side close to the feather line

3.4.35.3

Mules

slipper which is open around the heel (3.3.33)

3.4.36

slip-on footwear

footwear held to the foot without laces (3.3.40) , buckles or other fasteners

3.4.36.1

Loafer

type of low slip-on footwear, typically with a saddle or a trim (3.3.63) on the vamp (3.3.66) which has an extension up the instep

Note 1 to entry: The three most common styles of leather Loafers are Horsebit, Tassel and Penny Loafer.

3.4.37

town footwear

footwear designed and manufactured as suitable for everyday wear at the office, for shopping or similar wear environments

Note 1 to entry: Normally durability and comfort are more important than design or fashion content with this type of footwear.

3.4.38

trainer

sneaker

footwear developed for sports activities typically featuring a fabric upper with overlaid components of leather (3.1.20) or synthetic material, with a flexible lightweight sole

Note 1 to entry: Trainers can be further subcategorised into many specialised trainers with features for specific sports.

3.4.39

T-bar footwear

closed, low-cut shoe with two or more straps forming one or more T shapes

3.4.40

unlined footwear

footwear without a lining (3.3.42)

Note 1 to entry: Unlined footwear is typical of summer footwear.

3.4.41

welted footwear

footwear construction (3.2.16) in which the welt (3.3.70) is joined to the upper lining and insole lip without stitching inside the footwear

3.4.42

Wushu footwear

footwear designed and made for practice, performing or demonstration of the Wushu sport or competition, with physical requirements of durability, light-weighted, slip-resistance, shock absorption and resilience, and with design requirements of low cut, plain toe type, thick counter (3.3.18) area and relative thin sole

Note 1 to entry: Due to many feet movements that require highly durable and low-cut footwear, and due to movements that require light-weighted, slip-resistance, shock absorption and resilience, the counter area of Wushu footwear should be thickened to provide protection for athletes. The design of plain toe type and thin sole is for easy tapping by athletes.

3.5.1

abrasion resistance

resistance to wear by mechanical action upon a surface

3.5.2

antibacterial activity

efficacy of a material or finish used to prevent or mitigate the growth of bacteria, to reduce the number of bacteria or to kill bacteria

3.5.3

antifungal activity

antimycotic activity

efficacy of a material or finish used to prevent or mitigate the growth of micro-fungi, to reduce the number of micro-fungi or to kill micro-fungi

3.5.4

bondability

aptitude of a material to be bonded to itself or to other material by applying either pressure or heat, or both, and eventually an adhesive (3.1.2)

3.5.5

break of leather

<performance> surface (3.6.22) on which wrinkles are formed when the leather (3.1.20) is bent, grain inward

Note 1 to entry: Adjectives commonly used to describe this characteristic are “tight”, “fine”, “loose”, “coarse”, “pipey” and “flanky”. Generally, the finer the wrinkles or grain break, the better the quality of the leather.

[SOURCE:ISO 15115:2019, 3.15, modified — “surface wrinkles formed” has been rephrased to “surface on which wrinkles are formed”.]

3.5.6

breaking strength

maximum tensile stress recorded in extending a test piece of footwear components (3.3.16) or materials to the breaking point

3.5.7

breathability

ability of a material to allow the passage of water vapour

3.5.8

colour fastness

ability of a footwear material or component (3.3.16) to maintain its colour after the action of various agents

3.5.9

colour migration

discolouration caused by movement of colour from one material to another

3.5.10

compression strength

force required to deform the test piece of footwear components (3.3.16) or materials in determined extent

3.5.11

corrosion resistance

propensity of a metal surface either not to change visually due to chemical attack by atmospheric pollution, or not to be altered due to the action of salt water

3.5.12

deformability

multidirectional modulus characteristics of an upper material

3.5.13

delamination resistance

3.5.13.1

delamination resistance

<upper> strength of adhesion (3.2.1) between a coating and its base material

3.5.13.2

delamination resistance

<insole> force per unit area required to separate the internal structure of the insole material

3.5.13.3

delamination resistance

<outsole> force required to propagate delamination of the adhesive layer or joint interface if a multilayer outsole is composed of an adhesive layer, divided by the width of the test pieces

3.5.14

dimensional stability

reduction in the distance between two reference points on a test piece before and after heating in air under specified conditions

3.5.15

durometer value

hardness, often of soling materials

3.5.16

fatigue resistance

3.5.16.1

fatigue resistance

<shanks> the resistance of a shank (3.3.50) , under specified conditions, to repeated loading cycles

3.5.16.2

fatigue resistance

<heels> the resistance of the heel (3.3.33) to repeated blows, each of specified energy, delivered by a pendulum

3.5.17

fitting

<dimension> different last (3.6.13) measurement to fit the dimensions of the foot most accurately to a given size

3.5.18

flex resistance

resistance of a material to crack or otherwise fail at flexing creases

3.5.19

heel attachment strength

maximum force, measured under testing condition, required to detach the heel (3.3.33) from the sole/insole assembly (3.2.2)

Note 1 to entry: The heel attachment strength is expressed in newtons.

3.5.20

heel pin holding strength

force required to pull a standard pin out of the heel (3.3.33) material divided by the effective length of pin buttressing in the material

Note 1 to entry: The heel pin holding strength is expressed in N/mm.

3.5.21

high temperature behaviour

resistance of a material to elevated temperatures as measured by the effect on the tensile properties of the material

Note 1 to entry: High temperature behaviour is particularly applicable to materials used in vulcanised footwear.

3.5.22

longitudinal shear strength

maximum force per unit effective area required to separate the two tapes forming the specified closure in a shearing action under the specified conditions of test

3.5.23

longitudinal stiffness

stiffness in the longitudinal direction of shanks (3.3.50) as determined by measuring the deflection of the shank under specified conditions when loaded with a specified force

3.5.24

needle tear strength

quotient obtained by dividing the maximum force, occurring during tearing-out of the needle, by the thickness of the test piece

3.5.25

peel strength

force per unit effective width required to separate the two tapes forming the specified closure from an open edge under the specified conditions of test

3.5.26

penetration time

<upper> duration of flexing, in minutes, which is just sufficient to cause water to penetrate from the wetted surface (3.6.22) to the other face of the test piece

3.5.27

perspiration resistance

resistance to the action of an artificial sweat solution, measured by the change in size and appearance of the component (3.3.16) tested

3.5.28

reparability

ease with which the components (3.3.16) of a footwear can be replaced to extend the usable life of the footwear

3.5.29

resistance to damage on lasting

ability of a material to be stretched simultaneously in all directions (distended) without being damaged

3.5.30

resistance to stitch tear

force required to pull a loop of wire of specified dimensions through a test specimen of insole material

3.5.31

seam strength

breaking strength (3.5.6) of a stitched seam (3.2.34) as determined under specified conditions using a tensile testing machine

3.5.32

shape retention

aptitude of the material to maintain the original shape (dome) after loading the test piece several times

3.5.33

shrinkage

reduction in dimensions or volume of a test piece of footwear components (3.3.16) or materials, usually due to decreased moisture content

3.5.34

split tear strength

force required to propagate a cut in a test piece of footwear components (3.3.16) or materials by tearing

3.5.35

swelling

increase in the volume of a test piece of footwear components (3.3.16) or materials submerged in liquid

3.5.36

tear strength

median force required to propagate a cut in a specified test specimen

3.5.37

tensile strength

tensile stress at maximum force

3.5.38

thermal insulation

temperature difference on the inner surface of the vamp (3.3.66) or insocks (3.3.38) , or both, under specific test conditions

3.5.39

top piece retention strength

maximum force required to pull off a top piece (3.3.61) from the heel (3.3.33)

Note 1 to entry: The top piece retention strength is expressed in newtons.

3.5.40

trouser tear strength

median force, required to propagate a cut in a specified trouser-shaped test piece by tearing, divided by the thickness of the test piece

3.5.41

upper-sole adhesion

force required to separate the sole-upper bonding

3.5.42

washability

resistance of a footwear or material to dimensional change or colour loss when washed in a washing machine under specified conditions

3.5.43

water absorption

gain in mass per unit area of the test piece due to water absorption during one or more specified periods of time

3.5.44

water desorption

percentage loss in mass of the test piece, expressed in terms of the mass of water absorbed

3.5.45

water penetration rate

amount of water crossing the test piece during one or more periods of time

3.5.46

water resistance

resistance of a footwear components (3.3.16) or material to water penetration at the given condition

3.5.47

water soluble matter

quantity of all those substances that, under certain conditions, are dissolved out of the material by water

3.5.47.1

water soluble inorganic substances

sulfated ash of water soluble substances

3.5.47.2

water soluble organic substances

difference between total water soluble matter (3.5.47) and water soluble inorganic substances (3.5.47.1)

3.5.48

water vapour permeability

amount of water vapour a material will transmit through its structure expressed as mass of water transmitted per unit area of material per unit time at the given condition

3.5.49

water vapour absorption

amount of water vapour a material can absorb in a specified time expressed as mass of water per area of material

3.6.1

arch

3.6.1.1

plantar arch of foot

two main longitudinal arches of the foot, arched or raised underside of the foot from the heel (3.6.9) to the heads of the first (internal side) and the fifth (external side) metatarsals

Note 1 to entry: See Figure 34.

3.6.1.2

metatarsal arch of foot

transverse arch on the underside of the foot extending from the outside edge of the first metatarsal to the outside edge of the fifth metatarsal across the ball of the foot

Note 1 to entry: See Figure 34.

3.6.1.3

arch of last

position on a last (3.6.13) corresponding to the plantar arch of foot (3.6.1.1)

3.6.2

composite test sample

mixture of several different test samples of the footwear from the same material classification

3.6.3

conditioning

operation designed to bring a sample into a specified condition in relation to temperature and relative humidity by keeping it for a given period of time in the standard atmosphere with free access of moving air to all surfaces

3.6.4

critical substance

chemical substance that can be found in footwear or footwear components (3.3.16) and that can have an effect on the wearer, on the environmental or both, due to its chemical reactivity

Note 1 to entry: The effects caused by critical substances vary. They can be carcinogenic or mutagenic effects, allergy, reaction to toxics, etc.

3.6.5

effective heel height

technical heel height

vertical distance between the underside of the extreme end of the last (3.6.13) and the ground plane with the last in its normal orientation

Note 1 to entry: The effective heel height is the vertical distance of heel height (H) minus the thickness of the sole at joint part (h).

Note 2 to entry: See Figure 35.

[SOURCE:ISO 19408:2023, 3.2.6, modified — The preferred term “heel height of last” was changed to “effective heel height”; Note 1 to entry was added.]

3.6.6

English size

unit of measurement of footwear length equalling one third of an inch

3.6.7

gait

characteristic walking motion

3.6.8

grading

making a range of sizes all to the same pattern with regular spacing of intermediate sizes, between the biggest and smallest

3.6.9

heel

<foot> back part of the foot formed by two bones, the astragals and the calcaneum

3.6.10

heel angle

slant or angle of the heel seat (3.3.35) upon which the heel (3.6.9) of the foot rests

Note 1 to entry: See Figure 13.

3.6.11

heel height

height of the heel (3.3.33) measured vertically from the floor to the top of the heel at the back, including the top piece (3.3.61)

Note 1 to entry: See Figure 13.

3.6.12

inside

right side of the left foot or last (3.6.13) or footwear and the left side of the right foot or last or footwear

Note 1 to entry: In medical field, this side is usually called medial.

3.6.13

last

piece of wood, metal or polymeric material roughly following the shape of the foot and acting as a form on which the footwear is made

3.6.14

last thimble

hole in the upper part of the last (3.6.13) , lined with metal and approximately corresponding to the heel (3.3.33) ここで, the last pin is inserted

3.6.15

Mondopoint

footwear sizing system based on the foot length and linear width of the foot

Note 1 to entry: Mondopoint is measured in millimetres.

[SOURCE:ISO 9407:2019, 3.6]

3.6.16

outside

left side of the left foot or last (3.6.13) or footwear and the right side of the right foot or last or footwear

Note 1 to entry: In medical field, this side is usually called lateral.

3.6.17

Paris point

unit of measurement of footwear length equalling 2/3 of 1 cm

Note 1 to entry: Each increase in length corresponds to an increase in width of 2,5 mm to 5 mm.

3.6.18

pronation

inward rotation of the rear foot about the subtalar joint axis

Note 1 to entry: Three distinct motions of the foot occur simultaneously: subtalar eversion, ankle dorsiflexion and forefoot abduction.

3.6.19

spring

toe spring

<last> vertical distance between the underside of the last (3.6.13) at the extreme toe end and the ground plane with the last in its normal orientation

[SOURCE:ISO 19408:2023, 3.2.13, modified — The preferred term “last toe spring” was changed to two preferred terms “spring” and “toe spring”.]

3.6.20

standard atmosphere

atmosphere maintained within prescribed tolerances, in which a sample is kept for a given period of time before being subjected to testing

3.6.21

supination

varus

outward rotation of the rear foot about the subtalar joint axis

Note 1 to entry: Three distinct motions of the foot occur simultaneously: subtalar inversion, ankle plantar flexion and forefoot adduction.

Note 2 to entry: See Figure 36.

3.6.22

surface

visible site of the material during the use at the footwear

Note 1 to entry: By the upper (3.3.65) , the visible site of the material can be the grain site of the leather or the coated site of a coated textile; by the lining, it can be the site of the material visible from the inside of the shoe.

3.6.23

type of failure

type of deformation behaviour of the footwear components (3.3.16) or materials under test

Note 1 to entry: For footwear lace (3.3.40) , type of failure is expressed as failure of the shorter lace or failure of the longer lace, together with a description of the respective amount of wear in the covering and core of each lace.

3.6.24

valgus

3.6.24.1

valgus

<hallux> foot deformation where the big toe is deflected towards the other toes at the first metatarsal-phalangeal joint

3.6.24.2

valgus

<ankle> deformation where the back of the foot rotates inwards so that the weight is no longer transmitted correctly to the ground but falls on the inner side of the foot causing apparent flattening of the arch (3.6.1)

Note 1 to entry: Valgus is particularly common in infants.

Note 2 to entry: See Figure 36.

3.6.25

vamp length

distance measured along the toe profile from the vamp point (3.6.26) to the toe point

3.6.26

vamp point

point on top of the last (3.6.13) defined by the intersection of the centre line and the joint girth line

3.6.27

varus ankle

abnormally bent condition of the foot causing inward turning

Note 1 to entry: See Figure 36.

3.6.28

v cut

portion of the cone of a last (3.6.13) which is removed to permit breaking of the hinge

3.6.29

waist

area of the foot between the instep and the joint

3.6.30

waist girth

area of smallest dimension in girth, between the instep and ball of the last (3.6.13) , footwear or foot