ISO 12651-1:2012 電子文書管理—用語, 語彙—パート1：電子文書イメージング | ページ 5

4.1

aberration

defect in a lens or mirror that produces distortions in an image (4.67)

4.2

ablation

deformation in an optical disk (4.99) created by a high-powered laser during write operation, that burns or melts the surface

Note 1 to entry: This is also known as a pit.

4.3

addressability

number of discrete pixels (4.108) that can be addressed using a co-ordinate system on a display or in the devices supporting a display

4.4

analogue monitor

output device that uses an analogue signal to display an image (4.67)

Note 1 to entry: The voltage that determines the brightness of each colour component varies continuously.

4.5

analogue transmission

transmission of continuously varying electronic signals analogous to tonal variations

4.6

analogue-to-digital conversion

A/D

process of converting a continuous electrical current or signal into digital form

4.7

aperture card scanner

device for scanning micro images in aperture cards

Note 1 to entry: Some scanners (4.124) can also read information on printed on the card.

4.8

aspect ratio

ratio of height to width of a rectangle

4.9

automatic character recognition

technology using special systems, such as OCR (4.100) or ICR (4.80) , to identify human-readable characters, usually alphanumeric, and then use the data

4.10

automatic document feeder

powered device to feed microforms, films or paper into a scanner (4.124) for capture

Note 1 to entry: It can also position the microform, film, or paper.

4.11

auxiliary operation

activity supplementary to the primary operations of a document (4.41) management system

4.12

backfile

collection of documents (4.41) , usually predating the imaging (4.76) system, that have not been digitized

4.13

backfile conversion

process of scanning, indexing (4.77) and quality control of the backfile (4.12)

4.14

backward compatibility

ability to move data from a more advanced version of a system or software package to a less advanced version

4.15

bar-code scanner

device used to read bar codes by means of reflected light

4.16

bar-code symbol

machine-generated and readable representation of data, usually numeric, in the form of a printed series of contrasting parallel bars of various widths, spacing and/or heights

4.17

batch processing

machine processing of a batch of documents (4.41)

Note 1 to entry: The documents (4.41) could have been collected over a period of time.

4.18

bit-mapped image

image (4.67) derived from an array of pixels (4.108)

4.19

bitonal image

image (4.67) having a number of pixels (4.108) , each of which has an “on” or an “off” value

4.20

bleed-through, US

show-through, GB

undesired appearance of information from the reverse of a document (4.41) when viewed and/or scanned

4.21

blocking

unintentional adhesion of adjacent sheets of film or paper

4.22

browsing

searching for information in a database or in a document (4.41)

4.23

cache

temporary storage providing rapid access to frequently used information

4.24

character recognition

identification of graphic characters by automatic means

4.25

CCD scanner

charge-coupled device scanner

scanner (4.124) that incorporates a light-sensitive semiconductor device that can collect, store and move electric charges in packets

4.26

clipped pixel array

actual pixel (4.108) array to be imaged as determined by all clipping parameters

4.27

clipping

reduction in the range of tones recorded by a scanner (4.124) due to limited spectral sensitivity of its photodetector

4.28

CD-ROM

compact disk–read only memory

optical disk (4.99) , conforming to compact disk specifications, created by a mastering process and used for distributing read-only information

4.29

CD-R

compact disk recordable

optical disk (4.99) , conforming to compact disk specifications, on which data is recorded by the user once and can be read many times

4.30

compound document

document (4.41) that contains information in more than one object

4.31

compression

reduction in size of an electronic file

Note 1 to entry: Compression can be lossy (4.88) or lossless (4.87) .

Note 2 to entry: Compression is usually carried out to reduce storage requirements, to reduce network traffic and/or to reduce file transmission times.

4.32

compression ratio

relationship of the file size before compression (4.31) to the file size after compression

4.33

COLD

computer output to laser disk

technology used to store computer-generated reports in a computer-based accessible format through the use of virtual printers or other technology, in order to capture the report as it is generated or printed

Note 1 to entry: This term is sometimes referred to as enterprise report management (4.54) .

4.34

continuous-tone

having continuous variation in colour and/or density

Note 1 to entry: Colour includes shades of grey.

4.35

contrast

difference in density between darkest and lightest fields

4.36

decompression

expansion of a compressed file

4.37

deskewing

process of rotating an image (4.67) by the same amount as its skew (slant), but in the opposite direction, resulting in a horizontally and vertically aligned image where the text runs across the page rather than at an angle

Note 1 to entry: See also skewing (4.129) .

Note 2 to entry: Improperly aligned images (4.67) make optical character recognition [ OCR (4.100) ] more difficult and can cause the OCR process to become slower and less accurate. Deskewing the documents (4.41) beforehand can make the OCR process faster and more accurate.

4.38

digitize

use of a scanner (4.124) to convert documents (4.41) to digitally coded electronic images (4.48)

4.39

digitizer

device for the digitization of a document (4.41)

Note 1 to entry: This term is often used, by extension, to refer to a device that allows both the scanning and the actual digitization of the document (4.41) .

4.40

dithering

method of simulating shades of grey using different patterns of black and white pixels (4.108) within a cell or simulating colours by using patterns of other (often primary) colours

4.41

document

recorded information or object which can be treated as a unit

[SOURCE:ISO 15489-1:2001, definition 3.10]

4.42

document profile

set of attributes which specifies the characteristics of a document (4.41) as a whole

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 2382-23:1994, 23.02.02]

4.43

document service

component, module, or application supporting and/or providing authoring, check-in/check-out, and version control capabilities, along with other features necessary to create, manage, update and secure document-based (4.41) information in an automated fashion

4.44

dpi

dots per inch

measure of resolution

4.45

dropout ink

ink of a colour that cannot be detected by a scanner (4.124)

4.46

edge enhancement

technique for sharpening the appearance of line edges on an electronic image (4.48)

4.47

EDMS

electronic document management system

computer-based application dealing with the management of documents (4.41) throughout the document (4.41) life cycle

Note 1 to entry: This may comprise one or more technologies, such as document imaging, document/library services, workflow, enterprise report management, forms management and automatic character recognition.

4.48

electronic image

digital representation of a document (4.41)

4.49

electronic image management

coordinated use of all electronic imaging (4.51) techniques

4.50

electronic image grey scaling

production of an electronic image (4.48) representing the image (4.67) contents in shades of grey, converting continuous-tone (4.34) images into a limited number of grey shades

4.51

electronic imaging

technique for inputting, recording, processing, storing, transferring and using images (4.67)

4.52

enhancement

technique for processing an image (4.67) so that the result is visually clearer than the image

4.53

ECM

enterprise content management

strategies, methods and tools used to capture, manage, store, preserve and deliver content and documents (4.41) related to organizational processes

Note 1 to entry: ECM tools and strategies allow management of an organization's unstructured information, wherever that information exists.

4.54

enterprise report management

ERM

technology used to store computer-generated reports in a computer-based accessible format, using virtual printers or other technology to capture the report as it is generated or printed

4.55

expunge

completely remove a document (4.41) , image (4.67) or file and its indexing (4.77) from a computer system, leaving no evidence of it ever having appeared in the system

4.56

flat-bed scanner

device for scanning that has a flat surface for input material

Note 1 to entry: This is generally used for scanning bound material and other originals unsuitable for automatic document feeders (4.10) .

4.57

formatting

setting up the space divisions on a data medium and initiating a space allocation table that will know exactly how to reach each bit of data that could be stored there later

4.58

forms overlay

printer feature by which a set of standard-form images (4.67) can be stored in the printer or computer and selectively overlaid on variable data to be printed in specified locations of the form

4.59

forms removal

system (usually software) which removes a fixed overlay from a digitized (4.38) image (4.67) , leaving only the variable data

4.60

forward compatibility

ability to move data from a less advanced version of a system or software package to a more advanced version

4.61

Group 3 (compression)

form of compression (4.31) to the T.4 compression standard in which run-length encoding is used to reduce redundancy

4.62

Group 4 (compression)

form of compression (4.31) to the T.6 compression standard in which run-length encoding is used to reduce redundancy

4.63

halftone

technique for reproducing continuous-tone (4.34) originals as a series of dots by photographing the image (4.67) through a hatched screen

Note 1 to entry: The finer the screen, the greater the detail in the resulting negative.

4.64

horizontal image resolution

number of discrete elements used to image (4.67) the width of the page

4.65

Huffman coding

data compression (4.31) technique that assigns shorter bit sequences to frequently occurring symbols and longer bit sequences to less frequent symbols

4.66

hypertext

system of storing images (4.67) , text and other computer files that allows direct links to related data

Note 1 to entry: Related data can include text, pictures, sound, video, or programs.

4.67

image

digital or photographic representation of a document (4.41)

Note 1 to entry: A microform can also contain an image (4.67) of a document (4.41) .

4.68

image acceptance sampling

random selection of document (4.41) images (4.67) from a collection in order to determine acceptability of quality levels of characteristics of the collection

4.69

image compression

technique used to reduce the number of bits in an electronic image (4.48) file

Note 1 to entry: See also compression (4.31) , lossless compression (4.87) , and lossy compression (4.88) .

4.70

image conversion

act of converting an image (4.67) from one format to another format

4.71

image decompression

technique for restoration of an electronic image (4.48) file from its compressed form

4.72

image offset

adjustment device of a scanner (4.124) that allows the capture area to be moved relative to the area of information on a document (4.41) that is to be captured

4.73

image resolution

number of pixels (4.108) per unit of length and width of an image (4.67)

Note 1 to entry: See also vertical image resolution (4.144) and horizontal image resolution (4.64) .

4.74

image server

computer on a network that manages image (4.67) storage

4.75

image-enabled

electronic imaging (4.51) capabilities through software at any data processing terminal, workstation or microcomputer

4.76

imaging

process of capturing, storing and retrieving documents (4.41) , regardless of original format, using micrographics and/or electronic imaging (4.51)

Note 1 to entry: This process is sometimes referred to as electronic imaging (4.51) .

4.77

index

list of the contents of a file, document (4.41) , or collection of documents, with references for locating the contents

4.78

initialisation

operations required to be carried out before the use of a data medium, the implementation of a process, or the starting of a machine

4.79

input device

device that converts data into electronic signals for processing on a computer system

4.80

intelligent character recognition

ICR

advanced form of OCR (4.100) technology that can include capabilities such as learning fonts during processing, using context to strengthen probabilities of correct recognition, or recognising handprint characters

4.81

International Telecommunication Union (Telecommunication Standardization Sector)

ITU-T

international organization that develops international communications standards

Note 1 to entry: ITU-T replaces the Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone (CCITT).

4.82

JBIG

Joint Bi-level Image Group

image compression (4.69) algorithm specified in ISO 11544

4.83

JPEG

Joint Photographic Experts Group

image compression (4.69) algorithm specified in ISO 10918-4

Note 1 to entry: The current version is JPEG 2000.

Note 2 to entry: JPEG provides both lossless (4.87) and lossy compression (4.88) , both sequential and progressive compression (4.31) , the choice of arithmetic or Huffman coding (4.65) and numerous other factors to optimise compression for a class of images (4.67) and uses. JPEG has been designated as the standard for compression of Group 3 colour faxes.

4.84

jukebox

device for the storage of multiple optical disks (4.99) and their automatic selection and transportation to one or more read/write drives

4.85

LE

life expectancy

length of time that information is predicted to be retrievable in a system under appropriate storage conditions, as specified in ISO 18901

Note 1 to entry: LE designation is the rating for the life expectancy of recording materials and associated retrieval systems.

Note 2 to entry: The number following the LE symbol is a prediction of the minimum life expectancy in years for which information can be retrieved without significant loss when properly stored under extended-term storage conditions, e.g. LE-100 indicates that information can be retrieved for at least 100 years of storage.

4.86

linearity

measure of actual distance versus computed distance in both the X and Y axes

4.87

lossless compression

technique where the decompressed image (4.67) is identical to the original uncompressed image

4.88

lossy compression

any compression (4.31) algorithm which loses some of the original information during compression so that the decompressed data is only an approximation of the original

This is especially useful in image compression (4.69) , where details that are not perceptible, or are minimally perceptible, to the human eye can be eliminated, normally with a dramatic increase in compression (4.31) .

4.89

magneto-optic recording

MO recording

recording data using a combination of magnetic and optical means to change the polarity of a magnetic field in the recording medium and to achieve high data density

Note 1 to entry: Data is erasable and/or rewritable.

4.90

master

electronic image (4.48) used to produce duplicates

4.91

mastering process

creation of an electronic image (4.48) used to produce duplicates in the media replication process

4.92

media migration

process of converting information stored on one type of media to another

4.93

microfiche scanner

device for scanning microfiches

4.94

modified Huffman code

mh

MHC

run-length code that removes only horizontal redundancy from an image (4.67)

4.95

MMR code

modified modified read code

two-dimensional digital coding scheme for error-free environments

Note 1 to entry: This is used in Group 4 image compression (4.69) .

4.96

MR code

modified read code

one dimensional digital coding scheme with error recovery used in Group 3 image compression (4.69)

4.97

multi-functional optical drive system

optical disk (4.99) drive which can use both WORM (4.145) and rewritable optical media

4.98

nominal capacity

number of accessible bytes available for electronic data storage on an optical disk (4.99) and other recording media

4.99

optical disk

disk that will accept and retain information in the form of marks in a recording layer that can be read with an optical beam

Note 1 to entry: Optional spelling “disc” is also acceptable.

4.100

OCR

optical character recognition

technique where characters are recognised and converted into binary code

Note 1 to entry: See also intelligent character recognition (4.80) .

4.101

ODC

optical disk cartridge

protective enclosure for an optical disk (4.99)

4.102

optical drive

device for reading from or writing to an optical medium

4.103

optical memory

medium that will accept and retain information in the form of marks or density modulation in a recording layer and that can be read with an optical beam

4.104

optical storage

storage system using optical media

4.105

output imaging area

frame within which an output device can place an image (4.67)

On most electronic printing and imaging (4.76) devices, this is smaller than the full sheet of paper, resulting in an imaging area smaller than the page size.

4.106

PC recording

phase change recording

technique for recording data on a rewritable medium using a laser to transform between amorphous (formless) and microcrystalline (structured) states, and vice versa

Note 1 to entry: Such media can be written, erased and rewritten a finite number of times.

4.107

photodiode device

device based on semiconductor technology that detects light

Note 1 to entry: Arrays of these devices are often used as the detector in image scanners (4.124) .

4.108

picture element

pixel

pel

smallest element of an electronic image (4.48)

Note 1 to entry: Adapted from ISO/IEC 2382-13:1996, definition 13.03.08.

4.109

pitch

radial distance between the colour triads in a monitor

Note 1 to entry: The closer the colour triads are together, the better the colour looks.

4.110

pitch

nominal centre-to-centre distance between written or groove features on the recording layer of a disk

4.111

pitch

horizontal or vertical distance between detector elements in a scanner (4.124) detector array

4.112

ppm

pages per minute

number of pages that can feed through a scanner (4.124) in one minute

4.113

protective layer

layer on the disk providing physical protection of the recording layer

4.114

recording layer

layer of the disk on which information is recorded during manufacture and/or use

4.115

reporting

listing of information within a database, either in electronic or in printed format

4.116

resolution test chart

chart containing a number of increasingly smaller resolution test patterns

4.117

resolve

distinguish between lines in a test pattern

4.118

resolving power

numeric expression of the ability of an optical system to distinguish or separate two lines or characters spaced closely together

4.119

rewritable optical disk

optical disk (4.99) on which data can be repeatedly recorded and erased, and new data recorded

4.120

right-reading

orientation of text or images (4.67) in normal sequence for reading

4.121

roll film scanner

device for scanning images (4.67) from roll microforms

4.122

scan size

capture size

length and width of the part of a document (4.41) that can be digitized (4.38) in a document (4.41) imaging (4.76) system

4.123

scan time

time required to convert text or graphical information to electronic form

4.124

scanner

device that electro-optically converts a document (4.41) into digital format

4.125

scanner resolution

number of pixels (4.108) or lines per unit length used to scan a document (4.41)

4.126

scanner threshold

level of reflected light that, in a black-and-white scanner (4.124) , determines whether a point on a document (4.41) is recorded as black or white

Note 1 to entry: This is sometimes set manually (lighter or darker setting), or set automatically based on the average brightness of the document (4.41) .

4.127

screen resolution

display resolution

number of pixels (4.108) per unit area on a monitor screen

4.128

sheet feeder

device that automatically inserts cut sheets into another device

4.129

skewing

error in document (4.41) scanning resulting in an image (4.67) that appears slanted

4.130

source document

original document (4.41) , usually paper-based

4.131

speckle

extraneous dots that appear on an image (4.67) of a scanned document (4.41)

4.132

TIFF

tagged image file format

image (4.67) file structure that consists of a series of headers or tags plus the image data

4.133

test target

test patterns and/or test elements designed for evaluating the output quality of a scanner (4.124)

4.134

thresholding

process by which the scanner (4.124) threshold is set

Note 1 to entry: Photodetectors include photodiodes, CCDs, etc.

4.135

throat

entrance of a scanner (4.124) through which documents (4.41) are fed

4.136

throughput

in a scanning system, the rate of conversion of hardcopy originals to digital form, usually expressed as pages per minute

4.137

tiling

method of sub-dividing an electronic image (4.48) into identically sized, perfectly interlocking regions

Note 1 to entry: Tiling is often used with large images (4.67) , such as engineering drawings, so that only a few tiles need to be decompressed and used at one time.

4.138

vector

line for which both direction and length have assigned values

Note 1 to entry: Vectors can be depicted graphically in two or three dimensions. Magnitude is shown as the length of a line segment. Direction is shown by the orientation of the line segment and by an arrow at one end.

4.139

vector data

digital description of an image (4.67) stored as a series of points and mathematical functions to describe the geometric figure

4.140

vector data image

image (4.67) stored as a data file containing vector (4.138) information

4.141

vector editor

subsystem used to edit a vector data image (4.140)

4.142

vectorisation

process of converting alphanumeric characters, lines, drawings or sketches from raster data to vector (4.138) data

4.143

vector-to-raster conversion

conversion of a vector data image (4.140) into a raster image (4.67)

4.144

vertical image resolution

number of discrete elements used to image (4.67) the length of the page

4.145

WORM

write-once-read-many optical disk

optical disk (4.99) on which data is recorded once and can be read many times

4.146

zoom

enlarge the presentation size of information, such as text or images (4.67) , displayed on a workstation monitor