ISO 13495:2013 食品—特定の核酸を使用した品種識別方法の選択の原則と検証基準 | ページ 6

3.1.1

品種

形態学的、物理的、細胞学的、化学的またはその他の特徴によって明確に定義され、有性生殖または無性生殖の後、その明確な特徴を保持する栽培植物のグループ。

[出典:ISO 7563:1998, 定義 1.12]

注記2植物の変種と種の名前は常にラテン語形式であり、植物命名法によって管理されています.

3.1.2

種族

高いレベルの遺伝的 (DNA) 類似性を持ち、異種交配が可能な生物のグループ: 多くの場合、亜種、変種、または人種を含む

注記1種はイタリック体で属名の後に固有名を付けて示す.例えばAnanas comosus.

3.1.3

バラエティ

自然な生殖様式によって世代から世代へとその特徴を保持する、植物の種の独特で均一なメンバー(雑種種を除く)

[出典:ISO 5527: —、定義 2.1.7, 修正 — もう 1 つの好ましい用語「栽培品種」は削除されました。]

3.2.1

nucleic acid extraction

sample treatment for the liberation of target nucleic acid

Note 1 to entry: The nucleic acid extraction procedure is used for isolating nucleic acids from other cellular components, such as protein, lipids, carbohydrates and other impurities in a test sample.

[SOURCE:ISO 22174:2005, definition 3.2.1, modified — Note 1 has been added.]

3.2.2

nucleic acid purification

method resulting in a more purified DNA

Note 1 to entry: A procedure or process involving sequential steps used to separate DNA and/or RNA from other components in a sample. A highly purified DNA or RNA sample contains negligible observable or measurable effects attributable to inhibitors of the polymerase chain reaction.

Note 2 to entry: In this context, purity refers to the reduction of observable and measurable effects of PCR inhibitors.

[SOURCE:ISO 22174:2005, definition 3.2.2, modified — Note 1 has been added; Note 2 has been modified.]

3.3.1

amplicon

specific DNA fragment produced by a DNA-amplification technology, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

3.3.2

hybridization

specific binding of complementary nucleic acid sequences under suitable reaction conditions

[SOURCE:ISO 22174:2005, definition 3.6.3]

3.3.3

multiplex PCR

PCR that uses multiple pairs of primers in different loci combined within a single reaction mixture to produce multiple amplicons simultaneously

[SOURCE:ISO 22174:2005, definition 3.4.11, modified — the phrase following “primers” has been added.]

3.3.4

polymerase chain reaction

PCR

enzymatic procedure which allows in vitro amplification of DNA

[SOURCE:ISO 22174:2005, definition 3.4.1]

3.3.5

primer

oligonucleotide of defined length and sequence complementary to a segment of an analytically relevant DNA sequence

[SOURCE:ISO 22174:2005, definition 3.4.12]

3.3.6

probe

labelled nucleic acid molecule with a defined sequence used to detect target DNA by hybridization

[SOURCE:ISO 22174:2005, definition 3.6.1, modified — the term was originally “DNA probe”.]

3.3.7

specificity

property of a method to respond exclusively to the characteristic or analyte under investigation

Note 1 to entry: It describes the ability to specifically recognize the nucleic acid sequence to be detected by distinguishing it from other nucleic acid sequences, and the tendency for a primer or probe to hybridize with its intended target and not hybridize with other non-target sequences.

[SOURCE:ISO 24276:2006, definition 3.1.4, modified — Note 1 has been added.]

3.3.8

thermocycler

automated laboratory apparatus used to repeatedly raise and lower the temperature of a sample by cycling through a series of discrete, pre-programmed steps

Note 1 to entry: This cycling of temperatures drives the PCR process.

3.4.1

electrophoresis

method of separating electrically-charged particles by their differential migration under an electric field

Note 1 to entry: PCR products can be separated by various types of electrophoresis.

3.5.1

reference sample

reference material

material or substance, one or more of whose property values are sufficiently homogeneous and well established to be used for the calibration of an apparatus, the assessment of a measurement method, or for assigning values to materials

Note 1 to entry: The reference material may be either provided by the customer, internal to the laboratory, or an officially-designated reference.

[SOURCE: ISO Guide 30]

[SOURCE:ISO 24276:2006, definition 3.5.1, modified — Note 1 has been added.]

3.5.2

test control

one or more samples that have undergone all or part of the analytical process designed for the target samples and which can reveal known alleles of the markers used, thereby signalling any process errors and providing reference alleles which can facilitate the reading of results

3.6.1

allele competition

preferential amplification of one allele over another in a heterozygote or a mixture

3.6.2

allele frequency

measure of how common an allele is in a population; the proportion or percentage of all of the occurrences of a locus that is occupied by a given allele

3.6.3

marker

genetic marker that typically applies to DNA fragments matching a given locus that gives information on the genotype of the carrier or on the genotype of neighbouring loci

3.6.4

null allele

<context of PCR> sequence variant that precludes PCR amplification of a particular target, resulting in the absence of detectable PCR product

3.6.5

repeat region

genomic region in which a particular DNA or RNA sequence occurs as multiple copies

3.6.6

simple sequence repeat

SSR

region of DNA consisting of a short (1 bp to 6 bp) sequence (repeat unit) that is tandemly repeated many (typically five to 50) times

Note 1 to entry: SSRs are commonly known as microsatellites.

Note 2 to entry: The number of repeat units present at a specified SSR, and thus the overall length of the SSR, often varies among individuals.

3.6.7

single nucleotide polymorphism

SNP

single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population

Note 1 to entry: SNP is often pronounced “snip”.

[SOURCE:ISO 25720:2009, definition 4.23, modified — Note 1 has been added.]