ISO 19162:2019 地理情報—座標参照系のよく知られたテキスト表現 | ページ 6

3.1.1

affine coordinate system

coordinate system in Euclidean space with straight axes that are not necessarily mutually perpendicular

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.1]

3.1.2

bearing

<geodesy> horizontal angle at a point relative to a specified direction

Note 1 to entry: The direction is usually specified to be north. In some communities the term bearing refers specifically to grid north and directions relative to true north are then termed ‘azimuth’; in other communities a bearing refers specifically to true north. In this document bearing is used for any specified reference direction. The angle may be reckoned positive clockwise or positive counter-clockwise depending upon the application.

3.1.3

Cartesian coordinate system

coordinate system in Euclidean space which gives the position of points relative to n mutually perpendicular straight axes all having the same unit of measure

Note 1 to entry: n is 2 or 3 for the purposes of this document.

Note 2 to entry: A Cartesian coordinate system is a specialisation of an affine coordinate system.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.2]

3.1.4

compound coordinate reference system

coordinate reference system using at least two independent coordinate reference systems

Note 1 to entry: Coordinate reference systems are independent of each other if coordinate values in one cannot be converted or transformed into coordinate values in the other.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.3]

3.1.5

coordinate conversion

coordinate operation that changes coordinates in a source coordinate reference system to coordinates in a target coordinate reference system in which both coordinate reference systems are based on the same datum

Note 1 to entry: A coordinate conversion uses parameters which have specified values.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.6]

3.1.6

coordinate epoch

epoch to which coordinates in a dynamic coordinate reference system are referenced

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.7]

3.1.7

coordinate operation

process using a mathematical model, based on a one-to-one relationship, that changes coordinates in a source coordinate reference system to coordinates in a target coordinate reference system, or that changes coordinates at a source coordinate epoch to coordinates at a target coordinate epoch within the same coordinate reference system

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.8]

3.1.8

coordinate reference system

coordinate system that is related to an object by a datum

Note 1 to entry: Geodetic and vertical datums are referred to as reference frames.

Note 2 to entry: For geodetic and vertical reference frames, the object will be the Earth. In planetary applications, geodetic and vertical reference frames may be applied to other celestial bodies.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.9]

3.1.9

coordinate system

set of mathematical rules for specifying how coordinates are to be assigned to points

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.11]

3.1.10

coordinate transformation

coordinate operation that changes coordinates in a source coordinate reference system to coordinates in a target coordinate reference system in which the source and target coordinate reference systems are based on different datums

Note 1 to entry: A coordinate transformation uses parameters which are derived empirically. Any error in those coordinates will be embedded in the coordinate transformation and when the coordinate transformation is applied the embedded errors are transmitted to output coordinates.

Note 2 to entry: A coordinate transformation is colloquially sometimes referred to as a 'datum transformation'. This is erroneous. A coordinate transformation changes coordinate values. It does not change the definition of the datum. In this document coordinates are referenced to a coordinate reference system. A coordinate transformation operates between two coordinate reference systems, not between two datums.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.12]

3.1.11

cylindrical coordinate system

three-dimensional coordinate system in Euclidean space in which position is specified by two linear coordinates and one angular coordinate

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.14]

3.1.12

datum

reference frame

parameter or set of parameters that realize the position of the origin, the scale, and the orientation of a coordinate system

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.15]

3.1.13

datum ensemble

group of multiple realizations of the same terrestrial or vertical reference system that, for approximate spatial referencing purposes, are not significantly different

Note 1 to entry: Datasets referenced to the different realizations within a datum ensemble may be merged without coordinate transformation.

Note 2 to entry: ‘Approximate’ is for users to define but typically is in the order of under 1 decimetre but may be up to 2 metres.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.16]

3.1.14

derived coordinate reference system

coordinate reference system that is defined through the application of a specified coordinate conversion to the coordinates within a previously established coordinate reference system

Note 1 to entry: The previously established coordinate reference system is referred to as the base coordinate reference system.

Note 2 to entry: A derived coordinate reference system inherits its datum or reference frame from its base coordinate reference system.

Note 3 to entry: The coordinate conversion between the base and derived coordinate reference system is implemented using the parameters and formula(s) specified in the definition of the coordinate conversion.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.8]

3.1.15

dynamic coordinate reference system

coordinate reference system that has a dynamic reference frame

Note 1 to entry: Coordinates of points on or near the crust of the Earth that are referenced to a dynamic coordinate reference system may change with time, usually due to crustal deformations such as tectonic motion and glacial isostatic adjustment.

Note 2 to entry: Metadata for a dataset referenced to a dynamic coordinate reference system should include coordinate epoch information.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.9]

3.1.16

dynamic reference frame

dynamic datumreference frame in which the defining parameters include time evolution

Note 1 to entry: The defining parameters that have time evolution are usually a coordinate set.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.20]

3.1.17

ellipsoid

reference ellipsoid

<geodesy> geometric reference surface embedded in 3D Euclidean space formed by an ellipse that is rotated about a main axis

Note 1 to entry: For the Earth the ellipsoid is bi-axial with rotation about the polar axis. This results in an oblate ellipsoid with the midpoint of the foci located at the nominal centre of the Earth.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.22]

3.1.18

ellipsoidal coordinate system

geodetic coordinate system

coordinate system in which position is specified by geodetic latitude, geodetic longitude and (in the three-dimensional case) ellipsoidal height

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.23]

3.1.19

ellipsoidal height

geodetic height

h

distance of a point from the reference ellipsoid along the perpendicular from the reference ellipsoid to this point, positive if upwards or outside of the reference ellipsoid

Note 1 to entry: Only used as part of a three-dimensional ellipsoidal coordinate system or as part of a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system in a three-dimensional projected coordinate reference system, but never on its own.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.24]

3.1.20

engineering coordinate reference system

coordinate reference system based on an engineering datum

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.25]

3.1.21

engineering datum

local datum

datum describing the relationship of a coordinate system to a local reference

Note 1 to entry: Engineering datum excludes both geodetic and vertical reference frames.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.26]

3.1.22

epoch

<geodesy> point in time

Note 1 to entry: In this document an epoch is expressed in the Gregorian calendar as a decimal year.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.27]

3.1.23

flattening

f

ratio of the difference between the semi-major axis (a) and semi-minor axis (b) of an ellipsoid to the semi-major axis: f = (a – b)/a

Note 1 to entry: Sometimes inverse flattening 1/f = a/(a − b) is given instead; 1/f is also known as reciprocal flattening.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.28]

3.1.24

frame reference epoch

epoch of coordinates that define a dynamic reference frame

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.29]

3.1.25

geodetic coordinate reference system

three-dimensional coordinate reference system based on a geodetic reference frame and having either a three-dimensional Cartesian or a spherical coordinate system

Note 1 to entry: In this document a coordinate reference system based on a geodetic reference frame and having an ellipsoidal coordinate system is geographic.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.31]

3.1.26

geodetic latitude

ellipsoidal latitude

φ

angle from the equatorial plane to the perpendicular to the ellipsoid through a given point, northwards treated as positive

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.32]

3.1.27

geodetic longitude

ellipsoidal longitude

λ

angle from the prime meridian plane to the meridian plane of a given point, eastward treated as positive

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.33]

3.1.28

geodetic reference frame

reference frame or datum describing the relationship of a two- or three-dimensional coordinate system to the Earth

Note 1 to entry: In the data model described in this document, the UML class GeodeticReferenceFrame includes both modern terrestrial reference frames and classical geodetic datums.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.34]

3.1.29

geographic coordinate reference system

coordinate reference system that has a geodetic reference frame and an ellipsoidal coordinate system

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.35]

3.1.30

linear coordinate system

one-dimensional coordinate system in which a linear feature forms the axis

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.39]

3.1.31

map projection

coordinate conversion from an ellipsoidal coordinate system to a plane

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.40]

3.1.32

parametric coordinate reference system

coordinate reference system based on a parametric datum

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.45]

3.1.33

parametric coordinate system

one-dimensional coordinate system where the axis units are parameter values which are not inherently spatial

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.46]

3.1.34

parametric datum

datum describing the relationship of a parametric coordinate system to an object

Note 1 to entry: The object is normally the Earth.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.47]

3.1.35

point motion operation

coordinate operation that changes coordinates within one coordinate reference system due to the motion of the point

Note 1 to entry: The change of coordinates is from those at an initial epoch to those at another epoch.

Note 2 to entry: In this document the point motion is due to tectonic motion or crustal deformation.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.48]

3.1.36

polar coordinate system

two-dimensional coordinate system in Euclidean space in which position is specified by one distance coordinate and one angular coordinate

Note 1 to entry: For the three-dimensional case, see spherical coordinate system.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.49]

3.1.37

prime meridian

meridian from which the longitudes of other meridians are quantified

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.50]

3.1.38

projected coordinate reference system

coordinate reference system derived from a geographic coordinate reference system by applying a map projection

Note 1 to entry: May be two- or three-dimensional, the dimension being equal to that of the geographic coordinate reference system from which it is derived.

Note 2 to entry: In the three-dimensional case the horizontal coordinates (geodetic latitude and geodetic longitude coordinates) are projected to northing and easting and the ellipsoidal height is unchanged.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.51]

3.1.39

reference frame

datum

parameter or set of parameters that realize the position of the origin, the scale, and the orientation of a coordinate system

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.52]

3.1.40

semi-major axis

a

semi-diameter of the longest axis of an ellipsoid

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.53]

3.1.41

semi-minor axis

b

semi-diameter of the shortest axis of an ellipsoid

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.54]

3.1.42

spatio-parametric coordinate reference system

compound coordinate reference system in which one constituent coordinate reference system is a spatial coordinate reference system and one is a parametric coordinate reference system

Note 1 to entry: Normally the spatial component is “horizontal” and the parametric component is “vertical”.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.57]

3.1.43

spatio-parametric-temporal coordinate reference system

compound coordinate reference system comprised of spatial, parametric and temporal coordinate reference systems

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.58]

3.1.44

spatio-temporal coordinate reference system

compound coordinate reference system in which one constituent coordinate reference system is a spatial coordinate reference system and one is a temporal coordinate reference system

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.59]

3.1.45

spherical coordinate system

three-dimensional coordinate system in Euclidean space in which position is specified by one distance coordinate and two angular coordinates

Note 1 to entry: Not to be confused with an ellipsoidal coordinate system based on an ellipsoid ‘degenerated’ into a sphere.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.60]

3.1.46

spheroid

closed surface that differs only slightly from that of a sphere

3.1.47

static coordinate reference system

coordinate reference system that has a static reference frame

Note 1 to entry: Coordinates of points on or near the crust of the Earth that are referenced to a static coordinate reference system do not change with time.

Note 2 to entry: Metadata for a dataset referenced to a static coordinate reference system does not require coordinate epoch information.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.61]

3.1.48

static reference frame

static datum

reference frame in which the defining parameters exclude time evolution

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.62]

3.1.49

temporal coordinate reference system

coordinate reference system based on a temporal datum

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.63]

3.1.50

temporal coordinate system

<geodesy> one-dimensional coordinate system where the axis is time

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.64]

3.1.51

temporal datum

datum describing the relationship of a temporal coordinate system to an object

Note 1 to entry: The object is normally time on the Earth.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.65]

3.1.52

vertical coordinate reference system

one-dimensional coordinate reference system based on a vertical reference frame

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.70]

3.1.53

vertical coordinate system

one-dimensional coordinate system used for gravity-related height or depth measurements

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.71]

3.1.54

vertical reference frame

vertical datum

reference frame describing the relation of gravity-related heights or depths to the Earth

Note 1 to entry: In most cases, the vertical reference frame will be related to mean sea level. Vertical datums include sounding datums (used for hydrographic purposes), in which case the heights may be negative heights or depths.

Note 2 to entry: Ellipsoidal heights are related to a three-dimensional ellipsoidal coordinate system referenced to a geodetic reference frame.

[SOURCE:ISO 19111:2019, 3.1.72]

3.1.55

white space

sequence of one or more characters that have no glyphs

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 9075-2:2016, 3.1.6.77]