ISO/TR 22370:2020 セキュリティとレジリエンス—都市のレジリエンス—フレームワークと原則 | ページ 6

3.1

access

ability of the rights-holders to use or benefit of a certain service or product

Note 1 to entry: Restrictions can be caused by distance to the source (e.g. water supply network does not reach a certain neighbourhood) or unaffordability (e.g. service is too costly for a certain household or group of people), among other reasons.

3.2

basic social services

set of services delivered in education, health and social areas, as a means to fulfil basic needs

3.3

biodiversity

variability among living organisms from all sources including, land, marine and other aquatic ecosystems (3.13) and the ecological complexes of which the organisms are part

Note 1 to entry: This includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. Biodiversity is thus not only the sum of all ecosystems, species and genetic material, but rather represents the variability within and among them.

Note 2 to entry: Biodiversity can also be referred to as “biological diversity”.

[SOURCE:Chan L. et al., 2014, adapted]

3.4

challenge

contextual or environmental change that has the potential to impact upon the ability and capacity of an urban system (3.27) to address emerging risks and opportunities

3.5

civil society

wide range of individuals, groups of people, networks, movements, associations and organizations that manifest and advocate for the interests of their members and others

Note 1 to entry: It can be based on philanthropic, cultural, religious, environmental or political values and convictions.

Note 2 to entry: This definition excludes for-profit companies and businesses, academia and all government-dependent entities.

3.6

civil society organization

CSO

formal association in which society voluntarily organizes around shared interests

Note 1 to entry: It includes political, cultural, environmental and faith-based organizations, as well as non-profit and nongovernmental organizations.

Note 2 to entry: CSOs are institutionalized organizations, bearing some form of legal status, that represent particular groups of society and are involved in service delivery.

3.7

coverage

capacity of the duty-bearer (3.11) to provide a service or product

Note 1 to entry: It can be influenced by financial capacity, geospatial setting, and the normative and institutional frameworks.

3.8

critical facility

physical structure, network or other asset that provide services that are essential to the social and economic functioning of a community or society

[SOURCE:UNISDR, 2017, modified — The term “critical facility” has replaced “critical infrastructure”.]

3.9

decentralized authority

local authorities, distinct from the state’s administrative authorities, that have a degree of self-government, elaborated in the framework of the law, with their own powers, resources and capacities to meet responsibilities, and with legitimacy underpinned by representative, elected local democratic structures that determine how power is exercised and that make local authorities accountable to citizens in their jurisdiction

[SOURCE:UCLG, GOLD I, 2008, adapted]

3.10

disaster risk reduction

policy aimed at preventing new and reducing existing disaster risk and managing residual risk, all of which contribute to strengthening resilience (3.19) and therefore to the achievement of sustainable development

[SOURCE:UNISDR, 2017, modified — “policy” has replaced “Disaster risk reduction is”.]

3.11

duty-bearer

individual who has a particular obligation or responsibility to respect, promote and realize human rights (3.15) , and to abstain from human rights violations

Note 1 to entry: The term is most commonly used to refer to State actors, but non-State actors can also be considered as duty-bearers.

Note 2 to entry: Depending on the context, individuals (e.g. parents), local organizations, private companies, aid donors and international institutions can also be duty-bearers.

[SOURCE:UNICEF]

3.12

economic diversity

extent to which economic activity of a given defined geography is distributed among a number of categories such as industries, sectors, skill levels and employment levels

3.13

ecosystem

dynamic complex of plant, animal, and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment (e.g. soil, air, sunlight) interacting as a functioning unit of nature

Note 1 to entry: Everything that lives in an ecosystem is dependent on the other species and elements that are also part of that ecological community.

[SOURCE:ISO 14055-1:2017, 3.1.1, modified — “(e.g. soil, air, sunlight) interacting as a functioning unit of nature” has replaced “interacting as a functional unit” and Note 1 to entry has been added.]

3.14

ecosystem services

benefit people obtain from ecosystems (3.13)

Note 1 to entry: These include: provisioning services such as food, water, timber and fibre; regulating services that affect the climate, floods, disease, waste generation and water quality; cultural services that provide recreational, aesthetic and spiritual benefits; and supporting services such as soil formation, photosynthesis and nutrient cycling.

[SOURCE:ISO 14055-1:2017, 3.1.2, modified — Note 1 to entry has been revised and expanded.]

3.15

human rights

rights inherent to all human beings, whatever their nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language or any other status

Note 1 to entry: People are all equally entitled to their human rights without discrimination.

Note 2 to entry: Human rights are: interrelated, universal and inalienable; interdependent and indivisible; equal and non-discriminatory; and both rights and obligations.

3.16

investment

allocation of resources to achieve defined objectives and other benefits

Note 1 to entry: Investment takes two main forms: direct spending on buildings, machinery and similar assets; and indirect spending on financial securities such as bonds and shares.

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 38500:2015, 2.13, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]

3.17

land tenure

relationship, whether legally or customarily defined, among people, as individuals or groups, with respect to land, determining how land is used, possessed, sold or in other ways disposed

3.18

participation

informed process of engagement with stakeholders ここで, key groups actively participate in defining the process and content of policy making

3.19

resilience

ability to absorb and adapt in a changing environment

Note 1 to entry: In the context of urban resilience (3.26) the ability to absorb and adapt to a changing environment is determined by the collective capacity to anticipate, prepare and respond to threats and opportunities by each individual component of an urban system (3.27) .

[SOURCE:ISO 22300:2018, 3.192, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]

3.20

risk mitigation

lessening or minimizing of the adverse impacts of a hazardous event

[SOURCE:UNISDR, 2017, modified — The term “risk mitigation” has replaced “mitigation”.]

3.21

shock

uncertain, abrupt or long-onset event, that has potential to impact upon the purpose or objectives of an urban system (3.27)

3.22

social protection

preventing, managing and overcoming situations that adversely affect people’s well-being

Note 1 to entry: It consists of policies and programmes designed to reduce poverty and vulnerability by promoting efficient labour markets, diminishing people’s exposure to risks, and enhancing their capacity to manage economic and social risks, such as unemployment, exclusion, sickness, disability and old age.

[SOURCE:UNRISD, 2010, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]

3.23

stress

chronic and ongoing dynamic pressure originated within an urban system (3.27) , with the potential for cumulative impacts on the ability and capacity of the system to achieve its objectives

3.24

urban agglomeration

physical structure and composition of an urban area or continuity of large urban clusters where the built-up zone or population density of an extended city or town area or central place and any suburbs are linked by continuous, connected urban development

3.25

urban open area

vacant areas, public or private, within urban boundaries

Note 1 to entry: Urban open areas are all fringe open spaces and captured open spaces associated within the scope and parameters of the urban system (3.27) .

Note 2 to entry: State parks, national parks or open areas in the countryside outside the parameters of the urban area are not considered as urban open areas in this document.

3.26

urban resilience

ability of any urban system (3.27) , with its inhabitants, in a changing environment, to anticipate, prepare, respond to and absorb shocks (3.21) , positively adapt and transform in the face of stresses (3.23) and challenges (3.4) , while facilitating inclusive and sustainable development

Note 1 to entry: A more resilient urban system is characterized by its ability to continue through disruption in the short-to-medium term, combined with a capacity to reduce pressures and adapt to changes, risks and opportunities. Urban resilience, therefore, is dependent upon the ability of an urban systems not just to deal with shocks, but also with chronic stresses and challenges.

Note 2 to entry: Urban resilience is dependent upon the individual and collective resilience (3.19) of the separate components of a complex urban system. Although a city, town or community within an urban area can individually demonstrate enhanced resilience within its respective boundaries, urban resilience encompasses the broader geographic scope of urban agglomeration (3.24) . Resilience of an urban system is measured by the capacity for resilience of each individual system component and dependent upon the resilience of the weakest performer among the urban agglomeration within the system scope.

Note 3 to entry: In order to assess, plan and act accordingly in the face of shocks, stresses and challenges, an urban system’s capability for resilience should be measured and analysed through qualitative and quantitative data.

3.27

urban system

human settlement, integrated and complex set of system components, characterised by universal and interdependent dimensions: physical, functional, organizational and spatial; comprised of people, processes and assets managed through effective governance mechanisms

Note 1 to entry: Being dynamic, the composition and elements of an urban system changes with time.

Note 2 to entry: Every urban area has characteristics of an urban system, regardless of its size, culture, location, economy and/or political environment.

Note 3 to entry: Characterized as urban systems, urban areas have the objectives of managing the complex interactions and interdependencies among its multiple components, with the purpose of fulfilling a variety of functionalities including social, economic, cultural and environmental.

3.28

vulnerable group

individuals who share one or several characteristics that make them more susceptible to social exclusion and marginalization, have limited opportunities or income, and/or are exposed to a higher risk of suffering abuse (physical, sexual, psychological or financial)

Note 1 to entry: This can include children without parental care, poor people, alone and dependent elderly people, ethnic minorities, people with disabilities, people living in marginalized communities, and other categories (HIV/AIDS, addictions, deprivation of liberty, homeless, LGBTI, victims of domestic violence, trafficking, refugees and immigrants).