ISO/TS 14092:2020 気候変動への適応 — 地方自治体とコミュニティの適応計画に関する要件とガイダンス | ページ 6

3.1

adaptation to climate change

climate change adaptation

process of adjustment to actual or expected climate (3.3) and its effects

Note 1 to entry: In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities.

Note 2 to entry: In some natural systems, human intervention can facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects.

[SOURCE:ISO 14090:2019, 3.1]

3.2

adaptive capacity

ability of systems, institutions, humans, and other organisms to adjust to potential damage, to take advantage of opportunities, or to respond to consequences

Note 1 to entry: Coping capacity is defined as the ability of people, organizations (3.17) , and systems, using available skills, resources, and opportunities, to address, manage, and overcome adverse conditions.

[SOURCE:ISO 14090:2019, 3.2, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]

3.3

climate

statistical description of weather in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years

Note 1 to entry: The classical period for averaging these variables is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization.

Note 2 to entry: The relevant quantities are most often near-surface variables such as temperature, precipitation, and wind.

[SOURCE:ISO 14090:2019, 3.4]

3.4

climate change

change in climate (3.3) that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer

Note 1 to entry: Climate change can be identified by such means as statistical tests (e.g. on changes in the mean, variability).

Note 2 to entry: Climate change might be due to natural processes, internal to the climate system, or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions, and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.

[SOURCE:ISO 14090:2019, 3.5]

3.5

climate projection

simulated response of the climate (3.3) system to a scenario of future emission or concentration of greenhouse gases and aerosols, generally derived using climate models

Note 1 to entry: Climate projections are distinguished from climate predictions in order to emphasize that climate projections depend upon the emission/concentration/radiative forcing scenario used, which are based on assumptions concerning, for example, future socioeconomic and technological developments that may or may not be realized.

[SOURCE:Adapted from IPCC, 2014]

3.6

climate scenario

plausible and often simplified representation of the future climate (3.3) , based on an internally consistent set of climatological relationships that has been constructed for explicit use in investigating the potential consequences of anthropogenic climate change (3.4)

Note 1 to entry: Climate scenario often serves as input to impact (3.10) models.

[SOURCE:Adapted from IPCC, 2014]

3.7

community

group of people with an arrangement of responsibilities, activities, relationships and with common interests in impacts (3.10) of climate change (3.4)

Note 1 to entry: A community can also be an organization (3.17) or institute (i.e. hospital, school, volunteer group, etc.) comprised of a group of people living or working in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common.

3.8

exposure

presence of people, livelihoods, species or ecosystems, environmental functions, services, and resources, infrastructure, or economic, social or cultural assets in places and settings that could be affected

Note 1 to entry: Exposure can change over time, for example as a result of urban development and land use change.

[SOURCE:ISO 14090:2019, 3.6, modified — Note 1 to entry has been modified.]

3.9

hazard

potential source of harm

Note 1 to entry: The potential for harm can be in terms of loss of life, injury or other health impacts (3.10) , as well as damage and loss to property, infrastructure, livelihoods, service provision, ecosystems and environmental resources.

Note 2 to entry: In this document, the term usually refers to climate-related physical events or trends or their physical impacts.

Note 3 to entry: Hazard comprises slow-onset developments (e.g. rising temperatures over the long term) as well as rapidly developing climatic extremes (e.g. a heatwave or a landslide) or increased variability.

[SOURCE:ISO 14090:2019, 3.7]

3.10

impact

effect on natural and human systems

Note 1 to entry: In the context of climate change (3.4) , the term “impact” is used primarily to refer to the effects on natural and human systems of extreme weather and climate events and of climate change. Impacts generally refer to effects on lives, livelihoods, health, ecosystems, economies, societies, cultures, services and infrastructure due to the interaction of climate change or hazardous (3.9) climate events occurring within a specific time period and the vulnerability (3.21) of an exposed society or system. Impacts are also referred to as consequences and outcomes. The impacts of climate change on geophysical systems, including floods, droughts and sea level rise, are a subset of impacts called “physical impacts”.

[SOURCE:ISO 14090:2019, 3.8]

3.11

incremental change

small adjustments made towards a targeted result

3.12

indicator

quantitative, qualitative or binary variable that can be measured or described, in response to a defined criterion

[SOURCE:ISO 13065:2015, 3.27]

3.13

interested party

person or organization (3.17) that can affect, be affected by, or perceive itself to be affected by a decision or activity

Note 1 to entry: To “perceive itself to be affected” means the perception has been made known to the organization.

[SOURCE:ISO 14001:2015, 3.1.6, modified — Example has been modified.]

3.14

local adaptation plan

action plan identifying and addressing the impacts (3.10) of climate change (3.4) in the area of responsibility of a local government (3.15) or community (3.7)

Note 1 to entry: Such plan of action may contain priorities and planned activities for identifying and addressing the impacts of climate change, including those associated with climate variability and extremes. It may include a mix of policies, projects, programmes and measures, which are updated periodically.

3.15

local government

administration of a specific local area constituting a subdivision of a major political unit (such as a nation or state), and the services they provide (i.e. state, prefecture, province, county, district, city, town, etc.)

3.16

national adaptation plan

national document containing adaptation priorities and planned activities (policies, projects and programmes) including an implementation strategy for a given period (e.g. 3 to 5 years)

Note 1 to entry: The main output of the process to formulate and implement national adaptation plans (NAPs) established under the UNFCCC in 2010 as a means to enable Parties to identify medium- and long-term adaptation needs and develop and implement strategies and programmes to address those needs.

[SOURCE:United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2017]

3.17

organization

person or group of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to achieve its objectives

Note 1 to entry: The concept of organization includes, but is not limited to sole-trader, company, corporation, firm, enterprise, authority, partnership, charity or institution, or part or combination thereof, whether incorporated or not, public or private.

[SOURCE:ISO 14001:2015, 3.1.4]

3.18

risk

effect of uncertainty

Note 1 to entry: An effect is a deviation from the expected. It can be positive, negative or both. An effect can arise as a result of a response, or failure to respond, to an opportunity or to a threat related to achieving defined objectives.

Note 2 to entry: Uncertainty is the state, even partial, of deficiency of information related to, understanding or knowledge of an event, its consequence, or likelihood.

Note 3 to entry: Risk is often characterized by reference to potential “events” (as defined in ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.5.1.3) and “consequences” (as defined in ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.6.1.3), or a combination of these.

Note 4 to entry: Risk is often expressed in terms of a combination of the consequences of an event (including changes in circumstances) and the associated “likelihood” (as defined in ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.6.1.1) of occurrence.

[SOURCE:ISO 14001:2015, 3.2.10, modified — Note 1 to entry has been modified.]

3.19

sensitivity

degree to which a system or species is affected, either adversely or beneficially, by climate (3.3) variability or climate change (3.4)

Note 1 to entry: The effect may be direct (e.g. a change in the health and functioning of green infrastructure in response to a change in the mean, range or variability of temperature) or indirect (e.g. damages caused by an increase in the frequency of coastal flooding due to sea level rise).

[SOURCE:Adapted from IPCC, 2014]

3.20

transformation

change in the fundamental attributes of natural and human systems

[SOURCE:ISO 14090:2019, 3.14]

3.21

vulnerability

propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected

Note 1 to entry: Vulnerability encompasses a variety of concepts and elements including sensitivity (3.19) or susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity to cope and adapt.

Note 2 to entry: Vulnerability is the degree to which an ecological, social and economic system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse climate change (3.4) impacts (3.10) , including climate (3.3) variability and extremes.

[SOURCE:ISO 14090:2019, 3.15, modified — Note 2 to entry has been added.]