IWA 19:2017 二次金属の持続可能な管理のためのガイダンス原則 | ページ 6

3.1

affected community

community that is directly impacted by the consequences of activities related to metal collection (3.6) , manual and mechanical processing, metallurgical processing (3.24) , disposal (3.7) and/or use of residues

Note 1 to entry: These communities are usually located near operations and may be impacted either positively (e.g. through job creation, infrastructure development and enhanced livelihoods) or negatively (e.g. through pollution, noise disturbance and human rights violations).

[SOURCE: Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada, 2009,^[40] modified]

3.2

assurance system

combination of verification mechanisms used to demonstrate compliance with a set of requirements and that are based on regular and systematic monitoring of the performance of economic operators (3.9)

Note 1 to entry: Monitoring results can be used for external communication via claims (3.5) .

3.3

chain-of-custody

CoC

chain of responsibility for or control of materials as they pass from one economic operator (3.9) to another through each step of the process or product system under assessment

[SOURCE:ISO 13065:2015, 3.7, modified]

3.4

child labour

work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children

Note 1 to entry: Child labour interferes with their schooling by:— depriving them of the opportunity to attend school;— obliging them to leave school prematurely; or— requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long hours and heavy duties.

Note 2 to entry: In its most extreme forms, child labour involves children being enslaved, separated from their families, exposed to serious hazards and illnesses and/or left to fend for themselves on the streets of large cities, often at a very early age.

Note 3 to entry: Children’s participation in work that contributes to their development and the welfare of their families can be considered as positive in the context of the guidance principles if this provides them with skills and experience, helps to prepare them to be productive members of society during their adult life and does not affect their health and personal development or interfere with their schooling. These activities include helping their parents around the home, assisting in a family business or earning pocket money outside school hours and during school holidays.

[SOURCE: ILO, 2016,^[25] modified]

3.5

claim

statement used for communication purposes about compliance with the sustainability and traceability requirements, and about the main characteristics of a batch of recovered materials, waste or end-of-waste (3.11) that contain metals

Note 1 to entry: Claims are of two types:— On-product claims are attached to a specific batch of physical product, along with product documentation, following the successful completion of a chain-of-custody (3.3) assessment based on third-party auditing (3.38) . They guarantee that a given batch of physical product is compliant.— Off-product claims indicate that a company or a facility was verified following second-party auditing (3.32) and deemed compliant. Off-product claims are primarily used in general communications to the public (e.g. annual reports and marketing documents).

3.6

collection

gathering of waste, including the preliminary sorting and preliminary storage (3.36) of waste, for the purposes of transport to storage, manual or mechanical processing, metallurgical processing (3.24) or the next economic operator (3.9)

Note 1 to entry: Collection can be done through waste collectors involved in subsistence activities (3.37) , curbside collection services and recycling (3.29) centres.

[SOURCE: CENELEC, 2014,^[13] modified]

3.7

disposal

final or temporary placement of waste that is not salvaged for further metal reuse or recovery (3.28) purposes

3.8

due diligence

detailed assessment conducted by an economic operator (3.9) to evaluate a supplier’s compliance with the guidance principles

Note 1 to entry: In the context of the guidance principles, due diligence is conducted through second-party audits (3.32) or third-party audits (3.38) and, wherever feasible, regularly monitored through government inspections and oversight.

3.9

economic operator

individual, enterprise, association, cooperative or organization involved in the collection (3.6) , manual or mechanical processing, metallurgical processing (3.24) , transportation, trading, storage (3.36) , consumption/manufacturing and/or disposal (3.7) of waste that contains metals (3.43) and/or of materials produced as part of subsistence activities (3.37) , unofficial business activities (3.40) or official business activities (3.25)

3.10

ecosystem services

benefits that people derive from ecosystems such as goods (e.g. food, fresh water, wood, fibre and fuel, and other raw materials like plants, animals, fungi and micro-organisms), essential supporting services (e.g. nutrient cycling, pollination of crops, soil formation and primary production), regulating services (e.g. climatic, flood and disease regulation, water purification) and cultural services (e.g. recreational, aesthetic, spiritual, educational and a sense of place)[SOURCE: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2003^[47]]

3.11

end-of-waste

fractions or materials that have ceased to become waste, following a recovery (3.28) or recycling (3.29) operation in compliance with the criteria in Article 6 of Directive 2008/98/EC, and which are sometimes also termed secondary materials[SOURCE: Directive 2008/98/EC^[14]]

3.12

environmental and social impact assessment

ESIA

instrument whose purpose is to identify and assess the potential environmental and social impacts of a proposed project, evaluate alternatives and design appropriate mitigation/enhancement, monitoring, consultative and institutional strengthening measures[SOURCE: African Development Bank, 2001^[8]]

3.13

exporter

person under the jurisdiction of the state of export who arranges for material, products and/or waste to be exported[SOURCE: Basel Convention,^[11] modified]

3.14

extended producer responsibility programme

EPR programme

programme by which the producer’s liability for a product is extended to the safe and sustainable collection (3.6) , storage (3.36) , recycling (3.29) or disposal (3.7) of a product

Note 1 to entry: In the context of the guidance principles, the main objective of an EPR programme is to support compliance with the sustainability requirements.

Note 2 to entry: An EPR programme is implemented through a mix of the following instruments whose implementation is regularly audited and monitored:— Product take-back systems. Their primary aim is to increase collection of end-of-life products and, hence, recycling that requires producers to collect the product at the post-consumer stage. This can be achieved through collection and recycling targets of the product or materials and through incentives for consumers to bring the used product back to the selling point.— Economic and market-based instruments. They aim to provide economic incentives to producers to comply with EPR programmes. These instruments include measures such as deposit-refund schemes, advanced disposal fees (ADF), material taxes and upstream combination taxes/subsidies (UCTS).— Regulations and performance standards. Their purpose is to establish a level playing field for producers. Regulations and performance standards include, for example, minimum recycled content in products, which can be mandatory or applied through voluntary initiatives.— Information-based instruments. They aim to indirectly support EPR programmes by raising public awareness and include, for example, reporting requirements about the producer responsibility as well as product content and labelling.

[SOURCE: OECD, 2016,^[37] modified]

3.15

extended responsible sourcing programme

ERS programme

supply chain responsibility programme through which companies commit to monitor (e.g. through audits) social and environmental impacts of suppliers in addition to the traditional aspects of cost and quality, in order to identify areas of risk and improvement[SOURCE: ICC, 2008,^[27] modified]

3.16

first-party audit

verification tool that is implemented by an economic operator (3.9) to assess progress of compliance with the principles and objectives, and/or traceability schemes (3.39) on its own practices and activities, and is conducted by an internal auditor

Note 1 to entry: First-party audits are simpler than second-party audits (3.32) and third-party audits (3.38) , as the sample of interviewed people and processes tends to be smaller, which reduces the administrative burden (e.g. non-disclosure agreements, contracts, rigid audit schedule) and therefore the verification costs. First-party audits and associated compliance claims (3.5) are also considered less robust than third-party audits as they are not performed by independent auditors.

3.17

forced labour

work or service that is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself/herself voluntarily[SOURCE: ILO Convention 29, 1930^[16]]

3.18

hazardous waste

waste that is potentially flammable, combustible, ignitable, corrosive, toxic, reactive or injurious to people or the environmentNote 1 to entry: Non-hazardous waste includes recovered materials consisting of only metals or alloys with non-hazardous characteristics

[SOURCE:ISO 15190:2003, 3.13, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]

3.19

importer

person under the jurisdiction of the state of import who arranges for material, products and/or waste to be imported[SOURCE: Basel Convention,^[11] modified]

3.20

informal sector

sector that includes economic operators (3.9) involved in unofficial business activities (3.40) or in subsistence activities (3.37) that are not constituted as legal entities

3.21

independent review

review performed by individuals or organizations technically, managerially and financially independent from the economic operators (3.9) who are interested in assessing the level of compliance of these economic operators with the guidance principles

3.22

living wage

remuneration received for a standard work week by a worker (3.44) in a particular place, sufficient to afford a decent standard of living for the worker and her or his family, that includes food, water, housing, education, health care, transport, clothing and other essential needs, including provision for unexpected events[SOURCE: ISEAL Alliance, 2013^[29]]

3.23

manual and mechanical processing

process to separate and concentrate metals from waste materials into different waste and end-of-waste (3.11) fractions for further metallurgical processing (3.24)

Note 1 to entry: This includes manual processes done by skilled and adequately equipped workers (3.44) , e.g. sorting, separating, cleaning, emptying, dismantling, depollution and segregation.

Note 2 to entry: This also includes mechanical processes that can replace or complement manual operations, such as shredding, milling and grinding, as well as segregation by, for example, eddy current or air stream classifiers.

Note 3 to entry: The equivalent term used in primary metal (3.26) extraction is “mineral processing” which involves sizing, separation and concentration processes to segregate commercially valuable minerals from ore.

[SOURCE: Directive 2008/98/EC,^[14] modified]

3.24

metallurgical processing

processing of fractions that contain metals to obtain fractions of higher metal content and to separate and refine metals with specified properties

Note 1 to entry: This includes hydro-, pyro- and electro-metallurgical processes that involve chemical reactions, e.g. pyrolysis, smelting, chemical leaching, alloying and cementation.

Note 2 to entry: Generally, metallurgical processing follows the manual and/or mechanical processing of waste and end-of-waste (3.11) fractions or materials that contain metals.

Note 3 to entry: The equivalent term used in primary metal (3.26) extraction is “extractive metallurgy”.

3.25

official business activities

OBA

economic activities that are conducted by economic operators (3.9) constituted as legal entities and are therefore subject to government regulation, taxation and observation

Note 1 to entry: Such legal entities are not necessarily deemed fully legally compliant with existing national and local laws and regulations.

[SOURCE: The World Bank Group, 2013,^[48] modified]

3.26

primary metal

metal extracted from minerals and free of reclaimed metal scrap[SOURCE: American Society for Metals International, 1992^[9]]

3.27

protected area

clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services (3.10) and cultural values[SOURCE: IUCN, 2008^[33]]

3.28

recovery

operation the principal result of which is waste or end-of-waste (3.11) fractions serving a useful purpose by replacing other materials that would otherwise have been used to fulfil a particular function, or waste being prepared to fulfil that function, in the plant or in the wider economy[SOURCE: Directive 2008/98/EC^[14]]

3.29

recycling

process by which secondary metals (3.33) are extracted from waste and end-of-waste (3.11) fractions or materials that contains metals and used in products, materials or fractions, whether for the original or other purposes

Note 1 to entry: In the context of the guidance principles, waste and end-of waste materials are those “that contain metals”.

Note 2 to entry: It includes the reprocessing of organic material but does not include energy recovery (3.28) and the reprocessing into materials to be used as fuels or for backfilling operations.

[SOURCE: Directive 2008/98/EC,^[14] modified]

3.30

restoration

process of returning an area to a state that corresponds as much as possible to its pristine condition which may include revegetation, soil enrichment, land and water depollution, and proactive conservation processes

3.31

retailer

seller of goods or services directly to consumers[SOURCE: The Free Dictionary, 2016^[46]]

3.32

second-party audit

verification tool that is implemented by an economic operator (3.9) seeking to assess progress of compliance by its supplier(s) with the principles and objectives, and/or traceability schemes (3.39) relating to secondary metals (3.33) resulting from the concerned value chains (3.41)

Note 1 to entry: Second-party audits and associated claims (3.5) are generally seen as less robust than third-party audits (3.38) , due to potential conflicts of interest between an economic operator and its suppliers and/or customers.

3.33

secondary metal

metal that does not directly originate from a primary mineral but from a recycling (3.29) process or from the processing of waste streams from primary production

3.34

self-assessment

evaluation conducted by an economic operator (3.9) over its own activities for the purpose of showing compliance with sustainability requirements

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC/TS 17027:2014, 2.73, modified]

3.35

severe degradation

severely degraded area of land and/or water that no longer provides a range of ecosystem functions and services, with a consequent loss of goods and many other potential environmental, social, economic and non-material benefits that are critical for society and development[SOURCE: Oldeman, LR, et al., 1990^[38]]

3.36

storage

depository of metals in various forms, including waste and end-of-waste (3.11) materials or fractions that contain metals, collected secondary metals (3.33) for further processing, and processed metals for further trading or processing

3.37

subsistence activities

sa

activities that can be found in both the formal and the informal sectors (3.20) , and are conducted by economic operators (3.9) (mostly individuals and families) who earn a wage that is barely sufficient to support or maintain themselves and is below the minimum tax threshold required per national laws and regulations to pay taxes

Note 1 to entry: In the context of this document, the informal sector includes economic operators involved in SA that are not constituted as legal entities as long as this is required by local or national laws and regulations, and therefore they remain hidden from monitoring by local or national authorities. Economic operators involved in SA can work independently or as part of an enterprise involved in official business activities (3.25) / unofficial business activities (3.40) .

3.38

third-party audit

verification tool that is implemented by an independent organization (i.e. assurance providers such as certification bodies) that assesses whether an economic operator (3.9) complies with the principles and objectives, and/or traceability schemes (3.39) it committed to comply with

Note 1 to entry: Third-party audits are generally accepted as the most robust type of assurance system (3.2) .

3.39

traceability scheme

system of procedures and management applied to trace compliant waste, end-of-waste (3.11) and secondary metals (3.33) throughout the value chain (3.41)

3.40

unofficial business activities

UBA

activities that are conducted by economic operators (3.9) not constituted as legal entities, with income above the living wage (3.22) as well as the minimum tax threshold and that purposely desire to bypass national and/or local laws and regulations

Note 1 to entry: In the context of this document, unofficial business activities are part of the informal sector (3.20) and are not monitored by any government.

3.41

value chain

sequence of activities and operations leading to the delivery of a valuable product

Note 1 to entry: In the context of the guidance principles, the value chain covers the circular flow which starts with the disposal (3.7) of waste that contains metals (3.43) or collection of waste and end-of-waste (3.11) fractions that contain metals to the purchase of products made from secondary metals (3.33) by final consumers.

[SOURCE: Porter, 1985,^[39] modified]

3.42

vulnerable worker

worker (3.44) at risk of having workplace entitlements denied, or who lacks the capacity or means to secure them[SOURCE: UK Health and Safety Executive, 2016^[49]]

3.43

waste that contains metals

hazardous or non-hazardous material that is disposed of, intended or required to be disposed of, and that contains metals or metal compounds with the potential to be recovered[SOURCE: Basel Convention,^[11] modified]

3.44

worker

full-time, part-time or seasonal working person working in subsistence activities (3.37) , unofficial business activities (3.40) and official business activities (3.25) Note 1 to entry: Workers include labourers, administrators, supervisors, executives and contractor workers, as well as self-employed contractors and subcontractors[SOURCE: ILO Convention C155, 1981,^[21] modified]

3.45

worst practice

practice that is known or suspected to have severe (typically multiple) negative impacts on the environment, workers (3.44) /community health and safety, and the quality and quantity of recovered secondary metals (3.33)