ISO 14008:2019 環境への影響および関連する環境側面の金銭的評価 | ページ 6

3.1.1

環境

組織が活動する環境（空気、水、土地、 天然資源（3.1.5） 、動植物、人間およびそれらの相互関係を含む）

注記 1:環境には、自然資本、 生態系サービス (3.2.11) 、気候、非生物的サービスおよび生物多様性が含まれる。

注記 2: 天然資源には鉱物資源が含まれる。

[出典:ISO 14001:2015, 3.2.1, 修正済み — 新しい注記 1 および注記 2 が、元の注記 1 および注記 2 を置き換えました。]

3.1.2

良い

天然資源 (3.1.5) 、 生態系サービス (3.2.11) 、市販されているかどうかにかかわらず、人間の欲求やニーズを満たす製品またはサービス

注記 1:この文書では、「良い」という用語には人間の健康が含まれます。

注記 2: ISO 14040 では、「製品」という用語は「あらゆる商品またはサービス」と定義されています。

3.1.3

環境への影響

環境への変化 (3.1.1) 、有害か有益かにかかわらず、組織の 環境側面 (3.1.4) から全体的または部分的に生じたもの

[出典:ISO 14001:2015, 3.2.4]

3.1.4

環境面

環境と相互作用する、または相互作用する可能性のある組織の活動、製品またはサービスの要素 (3.1.1)

注記 1:環境側面は、 環境への影響を引き起こす可能性があります (3.1.3) 。重要な環境側面とは、1 つ以上の重大な環境影響がある、または影響を与える可能性がある側面です。

注記 2:重要な環境側面は、1 つ以上の基準を適用する組織によって決定されます。このプロセスを「重要性評価」と呼ぶこともあります。

[出典:ISO 14001:2015, 3.2.2, 修正 — エントリへの注記 2 が拡張されました。]

3.1.5

天然資源

人間に利益をもたらす、または人間の幸福を支える自然の一部

3.1.6

生態系

機能的実体として相互作用する植物、動物、微生物群集とそれらの非生物 環境 (3.1.1) の動的な複合体

注記 1:生態系は人間の活動の影響を受ける可能性があります。

3.1.7

リリース

大気への排出または水または土壌への排出

[出典:ISO 14040:2006, 3.30, 修正 — この用語は単数形に変更されました。]

3.1.8

通貨価値の基準単位

金銭的価値（3.2.3） が決定される環境変化の単位

3.1.9

環境影響経路

一連の連続した因果関係。最終的には 環境側面 (3.1.4) で始まり、 環境への影響 (3.1.3) で終わる。

注記 1:環境影響経路の同義語は「原因-結果連鎖」です。

注記 2:これは、相互にリンクされた環境メカニズムのシステムと考えることができます。

3.1.10

環境影響要因

環境側面の量（3.1.4） 当たりの 環境影響量（3.1.3）

3.1.11

環境ベースライン

評価される変化のない 環境の状態 (3.1.1)

3.2.1

willingness to pay

WTP

maximum amount of money an individual is prepared to give up to secure an environmental improvement or to avoid an environmental loss

Note 1 to entry: In practice, WTP and willingness to accept compensation (WTA) (3.2.2) appear to diverge, often substantially, and with WTA > WTP. Hence, the choice of WTP or WTA can be of importance.

3.2.2

willingness to accept compensation

WTA

minimum amount of money an individual is prepared to accept as compensation to forgo an environmental improvement or to tolerate an environmental loss

Note 1 to entry: In practice, willingness to pay (WTP) (3.2.1) and WTA appear to diverge, often substantially, and with WTA > WTP. Hence, the choice of WTP or WTA can be of importance.

3.2.3

monetary value

amount of money representing willingness to pay (WTP) (3.2.1) or willingness to accept compensation (WTA) (3.2.2)

Note 1 to entry: What is valued in monetary terms by default is marginal changes in quality or quantity of goods (3.1.2) . It is not the absolute value of any given good or service that is valued. The size of change depends on the context.

Note 2 to entry: Commonly, the WTP distribution in a given population is skewed. While mean WTP is the theoretically correct measure to use, for example, in cost-benefit analyses, median WTP can be argued to be the better predictor of what the majority of people would actually be willing to pay if the WTP distribution is skewed. This equally applies to WTA.

3.2.4

monetary valuation

procedure for determining monetary value (3.2.3)

3.2.5

use value

monetary value (3.2.3) of a good (3.1.2) in relation to its actual, planned or possible use

3.2.6

non-use value

monetary value (3.2.3) of a good (3.1.2) independent of its actual, planned or possible use

3.2.7

revealed preference

monetary value (3.2.3) placed by an individual on a market good (3.1.2) from which the individual’s valuation of a non-market good is inferred

Note 1 to entry: The market of the market good is termed “surrogate market”.

3.2.8

stated preference

monetary value (3.2.3) expressed by an individual through survey-based response for a good (3.1.2) in a constructed or hypothetical market

Note 1 to entry: The market of the good to be valued does not exist or exists but the change valued is not experienced. It is therefore termed “constructed” or “hypothetical”.

3.2.9

value transfer

transfer of a monetary value (3.2.3) estimate from a primary monetary valuation (3.2.4) study to another context

3.2.10

affected human population

group of people whose well-being, utility or values are influenced directly or indirectly by the environmental impact (3.1.3)

3.2.11

ecosystem service

benefit people obtain from ecosystems (3.1.6)

Note 1 to entry: These are generally distinguished into provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural services. Ecosystem services include the provisioning of goods (3.1.2) (e.g. food, fuel, raw materials, fibre), regulating services (e.g. climate regulation, disease control), and non-material benefits (cultural services) (e.g. spiritual or aesthetic benefits). The supporting services are necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services (e.g. soil formation, nutrient cycling, water cycling) and are also referred to as “ecosystem functions”.

Note 2 to entry: Ecosystem services are sometimes called “environmental services” or “ecological services”.

3.2.12

total economic value

net sum of all relevant use values (3.2.4) and non-use values (3.2.5)

Note 1 to entry: Total economic value does not encompass other kinds of values unrelated to human preferences.

3.2.13

discounting

process of calculating the present value of future monetary values (3.2.3)

3.2.14

discount factor

factor applied to future monetary amounts in order to compute their present value

3.2.15

equity weighting

procedure to modify the costs and benefits incurred by people in different social and economic contexts to reflect their loss of utility

Note 1 to entry: The effect of equity weighting is to make willingness to pay (3.2.1) or willingness to accept compensation (3.2.2) of different groups (e.g. income) comparable.

3.2.16

co-benefit

benefit accompanying the intended benefits

Note 1 to entry: Co-benefits can be termed “ancillary benefits”, “secondary benefits”, “spill-over benefits” or “indirect benefits”.

3.2.17

marginal utility

additional satisfaction a person gains from consuming one more unit of a good (3.1.2)

Note 1 to entry: In an environmental context, the term “consuming” does not necessarily involve a physical consumption, i.e. it can also imply a person enjoying a landscape.

3.2.18

elasticity

measure of the response of one variable to a change in another variable

Note 1 to entry: The elasticity of marginal utility (3.2.17) of income is the relative change of the marginal utility as a result of the relative change in income. The elasticity of marginal utility of consumption is the relative change of the marginal utility as a result of the relative change in consumption.

3.2.19

purchasing power parity

currency exchange rate between two countries at which the same bundle of goods (3.1.2) can be bought