ISO 14046:2014 環境管理  —  ウォーターフットプリント  —  原則、要件、ガイドライン | ページ 6

3.1.1

淡水

溶解固形物の濃度が低い水

注記 1:淡水は通常 1,000 mg/l 未満の溶解固形物を含んでおり、飲料水を生成するための取水および従来の処理に適していると一般に認められています。

注記 2:全溶解固形物の濃度は、空間および/または時間によって大幅に変化する可能性があります。

3.1.2

汽水

海水（3.1.4） よりも低い濃度の溶解固形物を含むが、自治体、家庭、および灌漑用途の通常の許容基準を超える量の水。

注記 1:汽水中の総溶解固形物の濃度は、1,000 mg/l から 30,000 mg/l まで変化する可能性がある。

注記2多くの汽水に含まれる全溶解固形物の濃度は、空間および/または時間によって大幅に変化する可能性があります。

3.1.3

地表水

海水を除く、河川や湖沼などの陸上の流動および貯留の水（3.1.4）

3.1.4

海水

海または海の水

注記 1:海水には 30,000 mg/l 以上の溶解固形物濃度があります。

3.1.5

地下水

地下層に保持され、そこから回収できる水

[出典: ISO 11074:2005, 3.2.2, 修正 — 注記は削除されました。]

3.1.6

化石水

人間の時間スケールで自然涵養速度が無視できる程度の 地下水 (3.1.5)

注記 1: 「再生不可能な水」という用語は、この概念に使用されることがあります。

3.1.7

水域

所与の地理的領域において明確な水文学的、水文地形学的、物理的、化学的および生物学的特徴を持つ水の実体

注記 1:利用可能な場合、水域の地理的解像度は、目標と範囲の段階で決定する必要があります。異なる小さな水域を再編成する場合があります。

3.1.8

排水枡

降水による直接的な地表流出物が重力によって小川または他の 水域（3.1.7） に流出する領域。

注記1: 「流域」、「流域」、「流域」、「流域」または「河川流域」という用語は、「流域」の概念に使用されることがあります。

注記2:地下水排水渠は、地表排水渠の面積と必ずしも一致しない。

注記 3:流域の地理的解像度は、目標と範囲の段階で決定する必要があります。異なるサブ流域を再編成する場合があります。

3.1.9

素水の流れ

環境から引き出されて研究対象のシステムに入る水、または環境に放出されて研究対象のシステムを出る水

[出典: ISO 14044:2006, 3.12, 修正]

3.2.1

water use

use of water by human activity

Note 1 to entry: Use includes, but is not limited to, any water withdrawal (3.2.2) , water release or other human activities within the drainage basin (3.1.8) impacting water flows and/or quality, including in-stream uses such as fishing, recreation, transportation.

Note 2 to entry: The term “water consumption” is often used to describe water removed from, but not returned to, the same drainage basin. Water consumption can be because of evaporation, transpiration, integration into a product, or release into a different drainage basin or the sea. Change in evaporation caused by land-use change is considered water consumption (e.g. reservoir). The temporal and geographical coverage of the water footprint assessment (3.3.2) should be defined in the goal and scope.

3.2.2

water withdrawal

anthropogenic removal of water from any water body (3.1.7) or from any drainage basin (3.1.8) , either permanently or temporarily

Note 1 to entry: The term “water abstraction” is sometimes used for this concept.

3.2.3

water degradation

negative change in water quality (3.2.4)

3.2.4

water quality

physical (e.g. thermal), chemical and biological characteristics of water with respect to its suitability for an intended use by humans or ecosystems

3.3.1

water footprint

metric(s) that quantifies the potential environmental impacts related to water

Note 1 to entry: If water related potential environmental impacts have not been comprehensively assessed, then the term “water footprint” can only be applied with a qualifier. A qualifier is one or several additional words used in conjunction with the term “water footprint” to describe the impact category/categories studied in the water footprint assessment, e.g. “water scarcity footprint”, “water eutrophication footprint”, “non-comprehensive water footprint”.

3.3.2

water footprint assessment

compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts related to water used or affected by a product, process or organization

Note 1 to entry: In this International Standard, the term “study” is often used as synonym for “water footprint assessment”.

3.3.3

comprehensive water footprint assessment

water footprint assessment (3.3.2) that fulfils the principle of comprehensiveness

Note 1 to entry: The principle of comprehensiveness implies to consider all environmentally relevant attributes or aspects of natural environment, human health and resources related to water, including water availability (3.3.16) and water degradation (3.2.3) .

3.3.4

life cycle

consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposal

[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.1]

3.3.5

life cycle assessment

LCA

compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle (3.3.4)

[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.2]

3.3.6

life cycle inventory analysis

LCI

phase of life cycle assessment (3.3.5) involving the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs for a product throughout its life cycle (3.3.4)

[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.3]

3.3.7

water footprint inventory analysis

phase of water footprint assessment (3.3.2) involving compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs related to water for products, processes or organizations as stated in the goal and scope definition phase

Note 1 to entry: This includes, where relevant, air, water and soil emissions that impact water quality (3.2.4) .

3.3.8

system boundary

set of criteria specifying which unit processes are part of a product system or the activities of an organization

[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.32, modified]

3.3.9

cut-off criteria

specification of the amount of material or energy flow or the level of environmental significance associated with unit processes or product system to be excluded from a study

[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.18]

3.3.10

water footprint impact assessment

phase of a water footprint assessment (3.3.2) , following the water footprint inventory analysis (3.3.7) , aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and significance of the potential environmental impacts related to water of a product, process or organization

[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.4, modified]

3.3.11

impact category

class representing environmental issues of concern to which life cycle inventory analysis (3.3.6) results may be assigned

[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.39]

3.3.12

impact category indicator

quantifiable representation of an impact category (3.3.11)

Note 1 to entry: The shorter expression “category indicator” can be used for improved readability.

[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.40, modified — Note has been modified.]

3.3.13

water footprint profile

compilation of impact category indicator (3.3.12) results addressing potential environmental impacts related to water

Note 1 to entry: If a water footprint profile is comprehensive, it can be called “water footprint profile” without any qualifier – the results of this water footprint profile can be called water footprint (3.3.1) ; if a water footprint profile is not comprehensive, it needs to be associated with a qualifier that describes objectively what has been assessed.

3.3.14

characterization factor

factor derived from a characterization model which is applied to convert an assigned life cycle inventory analysis (3.3.6) result to the common unit of the category indicator (3.3.12)

Note 1 to entry: The common unit allows calculation of the category indicator result.

[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.37]

3.3.15

environmental mechanism

system of physical, chemical and biological processes for a given impact category (3.3.11) , linking the life cycle inventory analysis (3.3.6) results to category indicators (3.3.12) and to category endpoints

[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.38]

3.3.16

water availability

extent to which humans and ecosystems have sufficient water resources for their needs

Note 1 to entry: Water availability depends on the location and timing. The temporal and geographical coverage and resolution for evaluating water availability should be determined at the goal and scope phase.

Note 2 to entry: Water quality (3.2.4) can also influence availability, e.g. if quality is not sufficient to meet users needs.

Note 3 to entry: Land and water management (e.g. forestry, agriculture, conservation of wetlands, hydropower) can modify water availability (e.g. regulating river flows and recharging groundwater).

Note 4 to entry: If water availability only considers water quantity, it is called water scarcity (3.3.17) .

3.3.17

water scarcity

extent to which demand for water compares to the replenishment of water in an area, e.g. a drainage basin (3.1.8) , without taking into account the water quality (3.2.4)

3.4.1

comparative assertion

environmental claim regarding the superiority or equivalence of one product versus a competing product that performs the same function

[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.6]

3.4.2

interested party

person or organization that can affect, be affected by, or perceive themselves to be affected by the results of a water footprint assessment

3.5.1

product

goods or service

[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.9, modified]

3.5.2

co-product

any of two or more products (3.5.1) coming from the same unit process (3.5.6) or product system (3.5.4)

[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.10]

3.5.3

waste

substances or objects which the holder intends or is required to dispose of

Note 1 to entry: The definition is taken from the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (22 March 1989) but is not confined in this International Standard to hazardous waste.

[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.35]

3.5.4

product system

collection of unit processes (3.5.6) with elementary and product flows, performing one or more defined functions, and which models the life cycle (3.3.4) of a product (3.5.1)

[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.28]

3.5.5

process

set of interrelated or interacting activities that transforms inputs into outputs

[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.11]

3.5.6

unit process

smallest element considered in the life cycle inventory analysis (3.3.6) for which input and output data are quantified

[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.34]

3.5.7

functional unit

quantified performance of a product system (3.5.4) , process (3.5.5) or organization (3.5.11) for use as a reference unit

Note 1 to entry: In the case of a water footprint assessment (3.3.2) for organizations, the term “reporting unit” can replace the term “functional unit”.

[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.20, modified]

3.5.8

reference flow

measure of the outputs from processes (3.5.5) in a given product system (3.5.4) required to fulfil the function expressed by the functional unit (3.5.7)

[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.29]

3.5.9

product category

group of products that can fulfil equivalent functions

[SOURCE: ISO 14025:2006, 3.12]

3.5.10

product category rules

set of specific rules, requirements and guidelines for developing Type III environmental declarations for one or more product categories (3.5.9)

[SOURCE: ISO 14025:2006, 3.5]

Note 1 to entry: Product category rules are compliant with ISO 14044.

3.5.11

organization

person or group of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to achieve its objectives

3.5.12

facility

single installation, set of installations or production processes (stationary or mobile), which can be defined within a single geographical boundary, organizational unit or production process

[SOURCE: ISO 14064‑1:2006, 2.21]

3.5.13

water footprint inventory

result of a water footprint inventory analysis (3.3.7) , including elementary flows which are usable for subsequent water footprint impact assessment (3.3.10)

3.5.14

direct water footprint inventory

water footprint inventory (3.5.13) considering inputs and outputs resulting from activities within the established organizational boundaries

3.5.15

indirect water footprint inventory

water footprint inventory (3.5.13) considering inputs and outputs which are consequences of an organization's activities but which arises from processes that are owned or controlled by other organizations

3.6.1

primary data

quantified value of a unit process (3.5.6) or an activity obtained from a direct measurement or a calculation based on direct measurements at its original source

Note 1 to entry: Primary data need not necessarily originate from the product system (3.5.4) under study because primary data may relate to a different but comparable product system to that being studied.

[SOURCE: ISO/TS 14067:2013, 3.1.7.1, modified — Note 2 removed.]

3.6.2

secondary data

data obtained from sources other than a direct measurement or a calculation based on direct measurements at the original source

Note 1 to entry: Such sources can include databases and published literature validated by competent authorities.

[SOURCE: ISO/TS 14067:2013, 3.1.7.3]

3.6.3

uncertainty analysis

systematic procedure to quantify the uncertainty introduced in the results of a life cycle inventory analysis (3.3.6) due to the cumulative effects of model imprecision, input uncertainty or data variability

Note 1 to entry: Either ranges or probability distributions are used to determine uncertainty in the results.

[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.33]