ISO 21368:2022 接着剤—接着剤で接着された構造の製造に関するガイドラインとそのような構造のリスク評価に適した報告手順 | ページ 6

3.1

adherend

substrate

object or semi-finished product (for example, sheet metal, wires, metal extruded, moulded plastic, fabrics, glass, etc.) on which an adhesive is applied

Note 1 to entry: In adhesive bonding processes, the term adherend is often used as a synonym for substrate.

3.2

adhesion

interaction between the adhesive and the adherend/substrate (3.1) surface

Note 1 to entry: The interactions that make up adhesion are based on forces between the surface of the adherend/substrate and the adhesive film and include physical interactions, chemical bonds and micromechanical interlocking.

Note 2 to entry: Adhesion occurs in nm-dimensions.

3.3

adhesion promotor

primer

liquid used in surface treatment to improve the adhesion of the adhesive to the substrate/adherend (3.1)

Note 1 to entry: Adhesion promotors often are named as primers, accelerators or activators.

3.4

adhesive

non-metallic material, which joins two adherends/substrates (3.1) together via adhesion and cohesion

3.5

adhesive bonding

special process for joining of adherends/substrates (3.1) by using an adhesive

Note 1 to entry: The adherends/substrates can be made of the same as well as of different materials and can have different surface characteristics.

3.6

adhesive bonding area

area used to join two adherends/substrates (3.1) using an adhesive

Note 1 to entry: Usually the product of the overlap length and overlap width of the adherends/substrates.

3.7

adhesive bonding coordinator

ABC

responsible adhesive bonding coordinator

rABC

competent person with proven professional skills in adhesive bonding technology responsible for the supervision and release of the adhesive bonding processes and for all activities associated with it including the release

Note 1 to entry: The responsible adhesive coordinator (rABC) is the appointed head of all adhesive bonding processes including their release and with the appropriate decision-making managerial authority concerning the adhesive technology within the company.

3.8

adhesive bonding operator

ABO

execution personnel with proven corresponding knowledge applying or executing independently the adhesive bonding process to manufacture, maintain or repair components according to approved work instructions

3.9

adhesive bonding personnel

ABP

people involved in the design, planning, manufacturing, quality assurance and maintenance/repair related to the adhesive bonding process

Note 1 to entry: As a rule, this employee group consists of ABCs (3.7) and ABOs (3.8) .

3.10

adhesive bonding procedure

all processes concerned with adhesive bonding such as surface treatment, processing the adhesive, application of the adhesive, joining the adherends/substrates (3.1) , and solidification (curing/hardening)

3.11

adhesive bonding surface

area prepared for adhesive bonding, or on which the adhesive is applied, or the surface of the part to be adhesively bonded with adhesive between two parts to be adhesively bonded [length of overlap × width of overlap mm)]

3.12

adhesively bonded joint

connection of two or more substrates (adherends) from the same material or different materials with the use of an adhesive

Note 1 to entry: An adhesively bonded joint can be defined as rigid coupling, flexible coupling or joint sealing. All three types of junction are based on the same principles of operation.

3.13

adhesively bonded structure

structure

structure used for a partially or fully finished constituent or any other form of adhesively bonded item and designed mainly to transmit mechanical loads

Note 1 to entry: The loadbearing function is the main role of the adhesively bonded item ensuring reliability and fitness-for-purpose throughout the life cycle of the finished product.

3.14

adhesive tape

flexible backing or carrier coated with a pressure-sensitive, moisture- or heat-activated adhesive

3.15

ageing

entirety of all irreversible chemical and physical processes occurring in a material in the course of time

3.16

application

placement of the adhesive during the adhesive bonding procedure

3.17

assembly

group of parts that has been placed together for adhesive bonding or has been adhesively bonded

3.18

clamping

holding of an adhesively bonded joint under pressure with clamps during solidification of the adhesive between the adherends

3.19

cohesion

internal strength that, for example, keep the molecules of an adhesive together

Note 1 to entry: These forces are based on attractive physical forces between the polymer chains, entanglement of the polymer chains, and chemical bonds inside and between the adhesive polymer chains.

3.20

component

one part of an adhesive system

Note 1 to entry: In adhesive bonding technology, the parts of an adhesive system (resin and hardener) are called components (component A and component B).

3.21

conditioning

exposure of components (3.20) and joining parts required for the adhesive bonding process for a reasonable period in compliance with the specified requirements

3.22

curing

chemical solidification of the adhesive

Note 1 to entry: Chemical reactions leading to solidification of the adhesive in the form of thermoplastic, elastomeric or thermoset polymers.

Note 2 to entry: This refers to chemically curing adhesives.

3.23

curing time

period of time required to solidify an adhesive curing (3.22) by chemical reactions

3.24

destructive testing

analyses, tests and surveys carried out for the definition of information of qualitative/quantitative about specific properties of the analysed system, obtained following the destruction of the system itself

Note 1 to entry: The test specimen will be destroyed during the test and cannot be used afterwards.

3.25

exposure time

length of time for which adhesively bonded joints are exposed under specified conditions

3.26

fabricator

adhesive bonding workshops and/or sites under the same technical and quality management

Note 1 to entry: See user-company (3.59) .

3.27

flash off-time

minimum waiting time when using cleaners, activators or primers until the solvent has completely evaporated

3.28

high-modulus adhesive

load-bearing adhesive

structural adhesive

adhesive where strength and stiffness are the most important properties after solidification

Note 1 to entry: In contrast, there are low-modulus adhesives.

Note 2 to entry: After solidification, high-modulus adhesives concentrate on their strength and stiffness, and less on their formability.

Note 3 to entry: The property transitions between high and low-modulus adhesives are fluid and not precisely defined [see low-modulus adhesive (3.37) ].

Note 4 to entry: The term"structural adhesives" is often used for high-modulus adhesives. For the purposes of this document, the term"structural adhesives" is replaced by"load-bearing adhesives" (analogous: “load-bearing adhesive bonds” instead of “structural bonds”).

3.29

hot spot

small region or area with a high value of a quantity

Note 1 to entry: A hot spot can be calculated with FEM.

3.30

joining

assembling of components (3.20) to become a whole

3.31

influence

non-mechanical parameters that are applied to a material which changes its properties

Note 1 to entry: The nature of the non-mechanical parameters influences the material behaviour (loading) and the load capacity to be selected.

Note 2 to entry: Further influences can have an impact on the adhesive selection.

3.32

in-production

all adhesive bonding activities after preparation, which are connected with the execution of the respective adhesively bonded joint/component until its completion

Note 1 to entry: See pre-production (3.42) .

3.33

load

mechanical parameters that are applied to a material and lead to stresses and strains (deformations) in the material

Note 1 to entry: The type of mechanical parameters influence the material behaviour (stress, strain and/or strain energy) and the load capacity (3.34) to be selected.

3.34

load capacity

limit of the adhesively bonded joint to withstand stress, strain and strain energy

Note 1 to entry: The load capacity can be a permissible value.

3.35

load case

combination of loads and influences applied to an adhesively bonded joint at the same time

Note 1 to entry: Usually there are several load cases which describe different states in vehicle operation as well as in the manufacturing/repair process. Manufacturing/repair load cases are always to be evaluated in combination with the solidification state of the adhesive in the adhesively bonded joint and are basis for the determination of handling strength and commissioning times.

3.36

loading

physical results in the adhesively bonded joint due to the load and influence combinations defined in the load case (3.35)

Note 1 to entry: Physical results of the calculation can be e.g. stress, strain and/or strain energy.

3.37

low-modulus adhesive

adhesives that show an elongation at break of at least 100 % and a modulus of elasticity of at most 10 MPa after solidification

Note 1 to entry: This definition is adapted from ISO 21194. There is no scientifically exact definition. In these adhesives, the deformation properties are the dominant and less their strength and stiffness. Their opposites are the high-modulus adhesives. These adhesives concentrate on their strength and stiffness after solidification. The deformation properties take a back seat. The property transitions between high and low modulus adhesives are fluid.

3.38

mechanical properties

features relating to the behaviour of an adhesive or adhesively bonded joint when subjected to external physical forces (tensile forces, shear forces, abrasive forces, compressive forces, torsional forces, lap shear forces, etc.)

3.39

non-destructive testing

analyses, tests and measurements performed using methods that do not change the material and do not require the destruction or removal of samples of the test system, aimed at the investigation and identification of defects of the structure itself

Note 1 to entry: Each test specimen can be used afterwards without compromising the functioning of the product.

3.40

post-production

all adhesive bonding activities after the execution of the adhesive bonding

Note 1 to entry: These activities include, among other things, the testing and evaluation of work samples during production, the adaptation of the adhesive bonding process, if necessary, the non-destructive testing (e.g. visual) of the manufactured adhesive bonds, the execution of repairs and repair work as well as disposal.

Note 2 to entry: See in-production (3.32) .

3.41

pot life

period of time during which a reactive adhesive shall be applied after mixing (the maximum processing time)

Note 1 to entry: This time depends on the speed of the chemical reactions responsible for polymer formation (curing speed) and also on the external boundary conditions (temperature, amount of mixture prepared). In order to create high-quality adhesive bonds, the pot life is strictly adhered to. Chemically curing adhesives that have exceeded their pot life are to be treated as waste and are unsuitable for application to joining surfaces. The pot life varies with the volume and temperature of the mixed adhesive and the environment.

3.42

pre-production

all adhesive bonding activities prior to execution of the adhesive bonding

Note 1 to entry: These activities include the development and planning (including work preparation and workplace preparation) of the respective adhesive bonding and the respective adhesive bonding processes. In addition, verification that the real load of the adhesively bonded joint is always smaller than the maximum load capacity in the application (seeClause 6). After that, the adhesive bonding process can also be implemented in the respective production in the planned manner.

Note 2 to entry: See in-production (3.32) .

3.43

pressure-sensitive adhesive

adhesive that, in a dry state, is permanently tacky at room temperature and adheres readily to surfaces under light and brief pressure

Note 1 to entry: Pressure-sensitive adhesives are used, for instance, for the manufacture of pressure-sensitive tape.

3.44

qualification of the adhesive

process for proving that the adhesive meets the requirements placed on it

3.45

competent personnel

employees who have the required competences, knowledge and experience in adhesive bonding technology, who have acquired this through further training with a recognised credential, vocational training or comparable adhesive bonding technology activities and who can objectively verify this through recognised documents and unequivocally prove it

3.46

quality plan

plan to define and document how customer requirements are to be met

3.47

reproducibility

correspondence between the individual results obtained by the same procedure on identical tests

Note 1 to entry: This applies here to bonds produced under different conditions (different operators, different instruments, different laboratories, different laboratories) and/or at different times.

3.48

safety class

performance requirements of the adhesively bonded joint defined based on the potential of damage effect that the failure of the joint can cause

3.49

safety data sheet

(SDS)

product-specific data sheet containing important safety information about that product

3.50

special process

manufacturing process or process step that cannot be tested by non-destructive means with one hundred percent certainty for any faults

Note 1 to entry: The basic idea is to eliminate all possible errors already during the entire manufacturing process by monitoring the complete production process. This is achieved by the introduction and implementation of an adapted quality management system (e.g. ISO 9001), which is specifically designed for adhesive bonding with the help of this document.

Note 2 to entry: Continuous monitoring and/or compliance with documented procedures are basic requirements to ensure that the specified requirements are met.

3.51

stress cracking

crack development in plastics because of the simultaneous action of chemicals (e.g. solvents) and mechanical stress

Note 1 to entry: The intrinsic stress of a material often suffices for stress cracks to develop.

3.52

stress distribution

spreading of forces across an adhesively bonded surface

3.53

surface treatment

treatment of adherend surfaces in order to optimize the wettability, the adhesion, and give reproducible adhesively bonded joints having good long-term stability

3.54

tack

property of a material that enables it to form a bond immediately on contact with another surface, which can be an adherend or another layer of adhesive

Note 1 to entry: Stickiness describes the ability of the adhesive surface to deform and flow, wetting the second surface immediately on contact, thereby forming a bond. The stickiness test with the finger is a subjective assessment of stickiness.

3.55

technical data sheet

TDS

information sheet prepared by an adhesive manufacturer about the product

Note 1 to entry: It gives information about the properties of an adhesive, and how to process and apply the adhesive.

3.56

tensile test

determination of the strength of a solid, such as an adhesive or an adhesively bonded component

Note 1 to entry: A test bar is subjected to an increasing load in a testing machine.

3.57

thermoplastic

class of plastics whose polymers are not chemically cross-linked with each other and which can therefore be deformed at will within a certain temperature range without undergoing a chemical change

3.58

thermoset

type of plastic with polymer chains chemically crosslinked in a narrow-mesh that cannot be deformed in any desired way, without undergoing chemical change

3.59

user-company

adhesive user

adhesive using-company

company using adhesives and adhesive bonding technology for their production, maintenance and repair

Note 1 to entry: See fabricator (3.26) .

3.60

wetting

ability of a liquid (for example an adhesive) to distribute itself on a solid surface and to cling to a solid surface

Note 1 to entry: Even though the adhesion is also dependent on other factors, the wetting of the surface is a necessary condition in order to obtain adhesion between adherend and adhesive, but not the only one.