ISO 37123:2019 持続可能な都市とコミュニティ  —  回復力のある都市の指標 | ページ 6

3.1

critical infrastructure

physical structures, facilities, networks and other assets which provide services that are essential to the social and economic functioning of a community or society

Note 1 to entry: Examples of critical infrastructure can include, but are not limited to, power generation, transmission and distribution, water treatment, distribution and drainage, wastewater and storm water infrastructure, transportation, gas supply and distribution, telecommunications infrastructure, educational facilities, hospitals and other health facilities.

3.2

disaster

serious disruption to a city or community due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to human, material, economic and/or environmental losses and impacts

Note 1 to entry: Disasters can be frequent or infrequent, depending on the probability of occurrence and the return period of the relevant hazard. A slow-onset disaster is one that emerges gradually over time, for example through drought, desertification, sea level rise, subsidence or epidemic disease. A sudden-onset disaster is one triggered by a hazardous event that emerges quickly or unexpectedly, often associated with earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flash floods, chemical explosions, critical infrastructure failures or transport accidents.

3.3

hazard

phenomenon, human activity or process that can cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation

Note 1 to entry: Hazards include biological, environmental, geological, hydro-meteorological and technological processes and phenomena. Biological hazards include pathogenic microorganisms, toxins and bioactive substances (e.g. bacteria, viruses, parasites, venomous wildlife and insects, poisonous plants, mosquitoes carrying disease-causing agents). Environmental hazards can be chemical, natural, radiological or biological, and are created by environmental degradation, physical or chemical pollution in the air, water and soil. However, many of the processes and phenomena that fall into this category can be “drivers” of hazard and risk rather than hazards themselves (e.g. soil degradation, deforestation, biodiversity loss, sea level rise). With respect to drinking water, ‘hazard’ can be understood as a microbiological, chemical, physical or radiological agent that causes harm to human health. Geological or geophysical hazards originate from internal earth processes (e.g. earthquakes, volcanic activity, landslides, rockslides, mud flows). Hydro-meteorological hazards are of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic origin (e.g. cyclones, typhoons, hurricanes, floods, drought, heatwaves, cold spells, coastal storm surges). Hydro-meteorological conditions can also be a factor in other hazards such as landslides, wildland fires and epidemics. Technological hazards originate from industrial or technological conditions, dangerous procedures, infrastructure failures or specific human activities (e.g. industrial pollution, nuclear radiation, toxic waste, dam failures, transport accidents, factory explosions, fires, chemical spills).

3.4

hazard map

map developed to illuminate areas that are affected or vulnerable to a particular hazard (e.g. earthquakes, landslides, rockslides)

3.5

drinking water

water intended for human consumption

Note 1 to entry: The term potable water is used instead of drinking water in ISO 37120 because this document was published before ISO 24513. Both terms can be used interchangeably but potable water is deprecated according to ISO 24513.

[SOURCE:ISO 24513:2019, 3.2.2.1, modified — Note 1 to entry replaced.]

3.6

resilience

adaptive capacity of an organization in a complex and changing environment

Note 1 to entry: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines resilience as “the ability of a system and its component parts to anticipate, absorb, accommodate, or recover from the effects of a hazardous event in a timely and efficient manner, including through ensuring the preservation, restoration, or improvement of its essential basic structures and functions.”^[21]

Note 2 to entry: Resilience is the ability of an organization to resist being affected by an event or the ability to return to an acceptable level of performance in an acceptable period of time after being affected by an event.

Note 3 to entry: Resilience is the capability of a system to maintain its functions and structure in the face of internal and external change and to degrade gracefully when this is necessary.

[SOURCE:ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.8.1.7, modified — Notes 1, 2 and 3 to entry have been added.]

3.7

resilient city

city able to prepare for, recover from and adapt to shocks and stresses

Note 1 to entry: A resilient city can resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects of disasters and shocks in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of essential basic structures and services in a sustainable way, and through risk-management practices. It involves stakeholders and especially citizens in disaster risk reduction through co-creation processes; reduces vulnerability and exposure to natural and human-made disasters; and increases its capacity to respond to disasters, shocks and other unforeseen chronic stresses through enhanced preparedness.

Note 2 to entry: A resilient city is still able to thrive regardless of the hazards, shocks and stresses it faces. It has a focus on lesson learning, continuous improvement and building back better after disasters.

3.8

shock

natural or human-made event that causes a disaster

3.9

stress

underlying human and natural pressure or tension that causes persistent negative impacts in a city relating to environmental degradation (e.g. poor air and water quality), social inequality (e.g. chronic poverty and housing shortages) and economic instability (e.g. rapid inflation and persistent unemployment)

3.10

vulnerability

susceptibility of individuals, households, businesses, assets or systems in a city to the impacts of hazards, as determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors, processes and conditions

3.11

risk

effect of uncertainty on objectives

Note 1 to entry: An effect is a deviation from the expected — positive or negative.

Note 2 to entry: Uncertainty is the state, even partial, of deficiency of information related to understanding or knowledge of an event, its consequence or likelihood.

Note 3 to entry: Risk is often characterized by reference to potential “events” (as defined in ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.5.1.3) and “consequences” (as defined in ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.6.1.3), or a combination of these.

Note 4 to entry: Risk is often expressed in terms of a combination of the consequences of an event (including changes in circumstances) and the associated “likelihood” (as defined in ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.6.1.1) of occurrence.

[SOURCE:ISO 37100:2016, 3.4.12]

3.12

high-risk hazard

hazard for which there is a likelihood of extreme event(s) based on hazard maps created by the city that could significantly affect many properties in the city and/or have a major impact on the city