ISO/TS 6084:2022 鉄鋼および鉄鋼製品—化学分析に関連する用語、語彙 | ページ 6

3.1.1

合金鋼

ステンレス鋼以外の 鋼（3.1.17） 。以下の元素の 1 つ以上を質量パーセントで最小含有量以上にする必要がある仕様に適合するもの。アルミニウムの場合は 0.30, アルミニウムの場合は 0.3ホウ素の場合は 0.000 8, クロムの場合は 0.3コバルトの場合は0.3銅の場合は 0.4鉛の場合は 0.4マンガンの場合は 1.6モリブデンの場合は 0.08, ニッケルの場合は 0.3ニオブ (コロンビウム) の場合は 0.0シリコンの場合は 0.6チタンの場合は 0.0タングステン (タングステン) の場合は 0.3バナジウムの場合は 0.10, ジルコニウムの場合は 0.05, 硫黄、リン、炭素、窒素を除くその他の合金元素の場合は 0.10

[出典:ASTM A941:2018]

3.1.2

オーステナイト鋼

周囲温度で組織が オーステナイト (3.1.3) からwhere 鋼 (3.1.17)

注記 1: 鋳造オーステナイト鋼には、最大約 20% の フェライトが含まれることがあります (3.1.8) 。

3.1.3

オーステナイト

ガンマ鉄中の 1 つ以上の元素の固溶体 (3.1.19)

3.1.4

うんざりする

ワークピースの表面をホウ素で富化するためのワークピースの熱化学的処理

注記 1:ホウ化処理が行われる媒体を指定する必要があります (例: パックホウ化処理、ペーストホウ化処理など)

3.1.5

鋳造・熱解析

鉄鋼の比熱を表すものとして鉄鋼生産者によって決定された化学分析 (3.1.17)

注記 1:鉄鋼製造者によって報告された分析が、完全に評価すべき該当する製品仕様の 熱分析 (3.1.5) 要件への適合性を十分に評価するには不十分である場合、製造者は、 製品分析 (3.1.16 ) の許容差が適用されず、熱分析 が適用されないことを条件として、鉄鋼生産者によって報告されていない特定の元素についての製品分析 (3.1.16) を使用することによって、かかる 熱 分析 (3.1.5) 要件へ の適合性の評価を完了することができる。 (3.1.5) は変更されません

[出典:ASTM A941:2018]

3.1.6

鋳鉄

鉄、炭素、シリコンの合金where 炭素含有量が約 2% 以上

3.1.7

ダクタイル鋳鉄

球状鋳鉄

溶融中に黒鉛を球状化する元素（通常はマグネシウムまたはセリウム）で処理された 鋳鉄（3.1.6）

[出典:ISO 15156-2:2020, 3.5.4]

3.1.8

フェライト

鉄または 鋼の体心立方格子構造 (3.1.17)

3.1.9

鍛造鋼

鋼 (3.1.17) 鍛造によって得られ、その後の熱間変換を受けない製品

注記 1:これらの製品は、主に円形または四角形の形状をしています。

3.1.10

ねずみ鋳鉄

鋳造材料、主に鉄と炭素をベースとし、炭素は主にフレーク (層状) グラファイト粒子の形で存在します。

注記 1:ねずみ鋳鉄は、片状黒鉛鋳鉄としても知られていますが、あまり一般的ではありませんが層状黒鉛鋳鉄としても知られています。

注記 2:黒鉛の形状、分布、およびサイズは ISO 945-1 で指定されています。

[出典:EN 1561:2011, 3.1]

3.1.11

殺された鋼

凝固中に炭素と酸素の間で反応が本質的に起こらないレベルまで脱酸された 鋼（3.1.17）

[出典:ASTM A941:2018]

3.1.12

可鍛鉄

熱処理してセメンタイトの大部分またはすべてを黒鉛 (焼き戻し炭素) に変換した 白鋳鉄 (3.1.18)

[出典:ISO 15156-2:2020, 3.5.3]

3.1.13

マルテンサイト

オーステナイト (3.1.3) が非常に高速で冷却されることによって炭素含有 鋼 (3.1.17) 内に形成される (相) ため、炭素原子が結晶構造から十分な量で拡散してセメンタイト (Fe ₃ C) を形成する時間がない。

3.1.14

窒化

金属材料（最も一般的には鉄合金）の表面に窒素を導入する肌硬化プロセス

[出典:ISO 15156-2:2020, 3.11]

3.1.15

非合金鋼

各元素の割合が特定の制限値未満である鋼

注記 1: ISO 4948-1:1982, 3.1.2 の表を参照。

3.1.16

製品分析

最終熱間圧延操作後に採取された製品サンプルに対して行われる化学分析

3.1.17

鋼鉄

鉄を主成分とし、炭素含有量が質量の2％以下の鉄材料

注記 1:炭化物形成元素が大量に存在すると、炭素含有量の上限が変更される可能性があります。

注記 2:熱処理に適した非合金鋼および合金鋼の命名法は、ISO 4948-1 および ISO 4948-2 で与えられています。

注記 3:非合金鋼に少量の合金元素が添加されると、その製品は微量合金鋼として定義される可能性があります。

3.1.18

白鋳鉄

セメンタイトの存在により白い破面を示す 鋳鉄 (3.1.6)

[出典:ISO 15156-2:2020, 3.5.2]

3.1.19

ガンマ鉄

面心立方格子構造の純鉄

3.2.1

grinding

method of preparing a sample of metal for a physical method of analysis in which the surface of the test sample (3.3.15) is abraded using an abrasive wheel

3.2.2

linishing

method of preparing a sample of metal for a physical method of analysis in which the surface of the test sample (3.3.15) is abraded using a flexible rotating disc or continuous belt coated with an abrasive substance

3.2.3

milling

method of preparing sample chips or the surface of a sample for a physical method of analysis in which the surface of the sample is machined using a rotating, multi-edged cutting tool

3.3.1

aliquot

known amount of a homogeneous material, assumed to be taken with negligible sampling error

Note 1 to entry: The term"aliquot" is usually applied to fluids.

Note 2 to entry: The term"aliquot" is usually used when the fractional part is an exact divisor of the whole; the term"aliquant" has been used when the fractional part is not exact divisor of the whole (e.g. a 15 ml portion is an aliquant of 100 ml).

Note 3 to entry: When a laboratory sample (3.3.7) or a test sample (3.3.15) is"aliquoted" or otherwise subdivided, the portions have been called split samples.

3.3.2

analyte

component of a system to be analysed

[SOURCE:PAC, 1989, 61, 1657 (Nomenclature for automated and mechanised analysis (Recommendations 1989))]

3.3.3

analytical sample

sample prepared from the laboratory sample (3.3.7) and from which analytical portions can be taken

Note 1 to entry: The analytical sample can be subjected to various treatments before an analytical portion is taken.

Note 2 to entry: Where no homogenization or subdivision is necessary, the laboratory sample (3.3.7) , the test sample (3.3.15) , and, if the latter requires no further chemical or physical treatment, the analytical samples are identical. With some homogeneous materials such as waters or oils, the laboratory sample (3.3.7) may be taken directly from a sample unit and, if no further subdivision or homogenization is carried out, the laboratory sample (3.3.7) is the test sample (3.3.15) . Similarly, with atmospheric particulates collected on a filter, the sample unit is the laboratory sample (3.3.7) and, if no further subdivision or homogenization is carried out, also the test sample (3.3.15) .

[SOURCE:ISO 15193:2009, 3.3, modified — Note to entry added.]

3.3.4

consignment

quantity of metal delivered at one time

3.3.5

duplicate samples

replicate samples

multiple (or two) samples taken under comparable conditions

Note 1 to entry: This selection can be accomplished by taking units adjacent in time or space. Although the replicate samples are expected to be identical, often the only thing replicated is the act of taking the physical sample. A duplicate sample is a replicate sample consisting of two portions. The umpire samples usually used to settle a dispute; the replicate sample is usually used to estimate sample variability.

[SOURCE:PAC, 1990, 62, 1193 (Nomenclature for sampling in analytical chemistry (Recommendations 1990))]

3.3.6

increment

quantity of metal obtained by sampling at one time from a consignment (3.3.4)

3.3.7

laboratory sample

sample or subsample(s) (3.3.13) sent to or received by the laboratory

Note 1 to entry: When the laboratory sample is further prepared (reduced) by subdividing, mixing, grinding (3.2.1) , or by combinations of these operations, the result is the test sample (3.3.15) . When no preparation of the laboratory sample is required, the laboratory sample is the test sample (3.3.15) . A test portion (3.3.14) is removed from the test sample (3.3.15) for the performance of the test or for analysis.

Note 2 to entry: The laboratory sample is the final sample from the point of view of sample collection but it is the initial sample from the point of view of the laboratory.

Note 3 to entry: Several laboratory samples can be prepared and sent to different laboratories or to the same laboratory for different purposes. When sent to the same laboratory, the set is generally considered as a single laboratory sample and is documented as a single sample.

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book: 2002, 18.3.6, Sampling stages]

3.3.8

lot

quantity of material that is assumed to be a single population for sampling purposes

[SOURCE:PAC, 1990, 62, 1193 (Nomenclature for sampling in analytical chemistry (Recommendations 1990))]

3.3.9

matrix

components of the sample other than the analyte (3.3.2)

Note 1 to entry: to entry. In analysis.

[SOURCE:PAC, 1989, 61, 1657 (Nomenclature for automated and mechanised analysis (Recommendations 1989))]

3.3.10

primary sample

collection of one or more increments (3.3.6) or units initially taken from a population

Note 1 to entry: The portions can be either combined (composited or bulked sample) or kept separate (gross sample). If combined and mixed to homogeneity, it is a blended bulk sample.

Note 2 to entry: The term"bulk sample" is commonly used in the sampling literature as the sample formed by combining increments (3.3.6) . The term"bulk sample" is ambiguous since it could also mean a sample from a bulk lot (3.3.8) and it does not indicate whether the increments (3.3.6) or units are kept separate or combined. Such use should be discouraged because less ambiguous alternative expressions (composite sample, aggregate sample) are available.

Note 3 to entry:"Lot sample" and"batch sample" have also been used for this concept, but they are self-limiting terms.

Note 4 to entry: The use of"primary" in this sense is not meant to imply the necessity for multistage sampling.

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book: 2002, 18.3.6, Sampling stages]

3.3.11

representative sample

sample that has the same properties as a defined batch of material and represents the bulk material, within a defined confidence limit

[SOURCE:ISO 14488:2007, 3.7]

3.3.12

specimen

one or more pieces taken from each product in the sample, for the purpose of producing test pieces

[SOURCE:ISO 6361-1:2011, 3.7]

3.3.13

subsample

sample obtained by procedures in which the items of interest are randomly distributed in parts of equal or unequal size

Note 2 to entry: The term “subsample” is used either in the sense of a “sample of a sample” or as a synonym for “unit”. In practice, the meaning is usually apparent from the context or is defined.

[SOURCE:ISO 11074:2015, 4.1.34]

3.3.14

test portion

part of the test sample, or part of the sample taken from the melt, submitted to analysis, in certain cases, the test portion can be selected from the sample product itself

Note 2 to entry: When the test sample is in the form of chips or powder, or when a sample in the form of a solid mass is analysed by a thermal method, the test portion (3.3.14) is obtained by weighing. In the case of a physical method of analysis, the part actually analysed will constitute only a small mass of the test sample. In an optical emission spectrometric method, the mass of metal consumed in an electrical discharge (3.6.14) is about 0,5 mg to 1 mg, in an X-ray fluorescence spectrometric method, the characteristic radiation is produced from a very thin surface layer of the sample.

3.3.15

test sample

sample taken or formed from the laboratory sample (3.3.7) , by a process involving homogenization using physical or mechanical treatments such as grinding (3.2.1) , drilling, milling (3.2.3) or sieving

Note 1 to entry: The test sample is then in a form suitable for subsampling for analytical purposes, for storing for future analysis or for using for test purposes other than analytical.

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book: 2002, 10.3.4.9]

3.3.16

test solution

analytical solution

solution prepared by dissolving, with or without reaction, the test portion (3.3.14) in a liquid

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book: 2002, 18.3.6 Sampling stages]

3.3.17

trace element

element having an average concentration of less than about 100 parts per million atoms (ppm) or less than 0,01 % by weight

[SOURCE:PAC, 1979, 51, 2243 (General aspects of trace analytical methods - IV. Recommendations for nomenclature, standard procedures and reporting of experimental data for surface analysis techniques)]

3.4.1

blank test solution

solution that contains all the chemicals except for the element to be determined in the same concentration as required for the preparation of a reference standard solution (3.4.17) of that element

[SOURCE:OIML R 100-1:2013, 3.3.2]

3.4.2

blank reference solution

solution used to set the zero absorbance on the spectrometer (3.5.22) and that normally consists of a pure solvent such as deionized water

[SOURCE:OIML R 100-1:2013, 3.3.1]

3.4.3

blank value

reading or result originating from the matrix (3.3.9) , reagents and any residual bias (3.8.5) in the measurement device or process, which contributes to the value obtained for the quantity in the analytical procedure

[SOURCE:PAC, 1989, 61, 1657 (Nomenclature for automated and mechanised analysis (Recommendations 1989))]

3.4.4

bracketing technique

analytical method consisting of bracketing the measured absorption or machine reading of the sample between two measurements made on calibration solutions (3.4.8) of neighbouring concentrations within the optimum working range

[SOURCE:ISO 6486-2:1999, 3.3]

3.4.5

calibration

operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step, establishes a relation between the quantity values (3.4.16) with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications with associated measurement uncertainties (3.8.20) and, in a second step, uses this information to establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication

Note 1 to entry: A calibration can be expressed by a statement, calibration function, calibration diagram, calibration curve (3.4.7) , or calibration table. In some cases, it can consist of an additive or multiplicative correction of the indication with associated measurement uncertainty (3.8.20) .

Note 2 to entry: Calibration should not be confused with adjustment of a measuring system, often mistakenly called “self-calibration”, nor with verification (3.8.47) of calibration.

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.39]

3.4.6

calibration blank solution

solution prepared in the same way as the calibration solution (3.4.8) but leaving out the analyte (3.3.2) , also called “zero member” of the calibration (3.4.5) series

[SOURCE:ISO 21400:2018, 3.8, modified]

3.4.7

calibration curve

expression of the relation between indication and corresponding measured quantity value (3.4.16.2)

Note 1 to entry: A calibration curve expresses a one-to-one relation that does not supply a measurement result as it bears no information about the measurement uncertainty (3.8.20) .

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 4.31]

3.4.8

calibration solution

solution used to calibrate the instrument, prepared from a stock solution (3.4.21) or a certified standard by adding acids, buffer (3.6.5) , reference element (3.7.7) and salts as needed

[SOURCE:ISO 21400:2018, 3.9]

3.4.9

certified reference material

CRM

reference material (RM) characterized by a metrologically valid procedure for one or more specified properties, accompanied by an RM certificate that provides the value of the specified property, its associated uncertainty (3.8.20) , and a statement of metrological traceability

Note 1 to entry: The concept of value includes a nominal property or a qualitative attribute such as identity or sequence. Uncertainties for such attributes can be expressed as probabilities or levels of confidence.

[SOURCE:ISO Guide 30:2015, 2.1.2, modified —Notes 2, 3 and 4 to entry deleted.]

3.4.10

internal standard

compound added to a sample in a fixed amount that has similar properties (spectral, physical, isobaric etc.) to the target analyte (3.3.2) used to correct for instrument drift (3.6.15) and matrix interference (3.7.11)

[SOURCE:ISO/TS 20593:2017, 3.6, modified]

3.4.11

internal standard line

spectral line (3.6.40) of an internal standard (3.4.10) , to which the radiant energy of an analytical line is compared

[SOURCE:ASTM E135:2021]

3.4.12

matrix solution

synthetic solution consisting of the solvent and containing, if possible, all the constituents of the analytical sample (3.3.3) except the analyte (3.3.2)

3.4.13

primary reference material

primary RM

high purity material of the analyte (3.3.2) , certified for the mass/mole fraction of the analyte (3.3.2) in the material, and which constitutes the realization of the International System of Units (SI) for the analyte (3.3.2) of interest

Note 1 to entry: A primary reference material has its value assigned either directly by a primary RMP or indirectly by determining the impurities of the material by appropriate analytical methods (e.g. mass balance method).

[SOURCE:ISO 17511:2020, 3.35]

3.4.14

reference material

rm

material, sufficiently homogeneous and stable with respect to one or more specified properties, which has been established to be fit for its intended use in a measurement process

Note 1 to entry: RM is a generic term.

Note 2 to entry: Properties can be quantitative or qualitative, e.g. identity of substances or species.

Note 3 to entry: Uses can include the calibration (3.4.5) of a measurement system, assessment of a measurement procedure, assigning values to other materials, and quality control (3.8.26) .

Note 4 to entry: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 5.13 has an analogous definition, but restricts the term “measurement” to apply to quantitative values. However, Note 3 of ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 5.13, specifically includes qualitative properties, called “nominal properties”.

[SOURCE:ISO/Guide 30:2015, 2.1.1]

3.4.15

reference method

reference measurement procedure

measurement procedure accepted as providing measurement results fit for their intended use in assessing measurement trueness (3.8.46) of measured quantity values (3.4.16.2) obtained from other measurement procedures for quantities of the same kind, in calibration (3.4.5) , or in characterizing reference materials (3.4.14)

Note 1 to entry: The accuracy (3.8.1) of a reference method must be demonstrated through direct comparison with a definitive method or with a primary Reference Material (3.4.13) .

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.7, modified — New preferred term added, Note to entry added.]

3.4.16

quantity value

number and reference together expressing magnitude of a quantity

[SOURCE:JCGM 200:2012 1.19]

3.4.16.1

reference quantity value

reference value

quantity value (3.4.16) used as a basis for comparison with values of quantities of the same kind

Note 1 to entry: A reference quantity value can be a true quantity value (3.8.45) of a measurand, in which case it is unknown, or a conventional quantity value, in which case it is known.

[SOURCE:JCGM 200:2012, 5.18]

3.4.16.2

measured quantity value

value of a measured quantity

measured value

quantity value (3.4.16) representing a measurement result

[SOURCE:JCGM 200:2012, 2.10]

3.4.17

reference standard solution

solution containing an accurately known concentration of a sample element or elements of interest and that is used for testing and calibrating the instrument

[SOURCE:OIML R 100-1:2013, 3.4]

3.4.18

spike

known quantity of determinand that is added to a sample, usually for the purpose of estimating the systematic error (3.8.44) of an analytical system by means of a recovery exercise

Note 1 to entry:"Spiking" is a way of creating a control material (3.8.8) in which a value is assigned by a combination of formulation and analysis. This method is feasible when a test material essentially free of the analyte (3.3.2) is available. After exhaustive analytical checks to ensure the background level is adequately low, the material is spiked with a known amount of analyte (3.3.2) . The reference sample prepared in this way is thus of the same matrix (3.3.9) as the test materials to be analysed and of known analyte (3.3.2) level - the uncertainty (3.8.20) in the assigned concentration is limited only by the possible error (3.8.11) in the unspiked determination. However, it can be difficult to ensure that the speciation, binding and physical form of the added analyte (3.3.2) is the same as that of the native analyte (3.3.2) and that the mixing is adequate.

[SOURCE:ISO 5667-14:2014, 3.7, modified — Note to entry added.]

3.4.19

standardization

process of adjusting instrument output to a previously established calibration (3.4.5) (that is, drift correction (3.6.16) ); the experimental establishment of the concentration of a reagent solution

[SOURCE:ASTM E135: 2021]

3.4.20

standard solution

solution of accurately known concentration of an element, an ion, a compound or a group derived from the substance used for its preparation

Note 1 to entry: Standard solutions are prepared using standard substances in one of several ways. A primary standard is a substance of known high purity, which can be dissolved in a known volume of solvent to give a primary standard solution. If stoichiometry is used to establish the strength of a titrant, it is called a secondary standard solution. The term secondary standard can also be applied to a substance whose active agent contents have been found by comparison against a primary standard.

[SOURCE:ISO 78-2:1999, 3.6, modified — Note to entry added.]

3.4.21

stock solution

solution with accurately known analyte (3.3.2) concentration(s), prepared from pure chemicals such as a primary standard

[SOURCE:ISO 21400:2018, 3.11]

3.4.22

titration curve

plot of a variable related to a relevant concentration (activity) as the ordinate versus some measure of the amount of titrant, usually titration volume (titre), as the abscissa

Note 1 to entry: If the variable is linearly related to concentrations, such as the electrical conductance or the photometric absorbance, the expression"linear titration curve" is used. When a logarithmic expression of the concentration or activity is used, such as the pH, pM, or the electrical potential in mV, the curve is referred to as a logarithmic titration curve.

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book:2002]

3.4.23

working reference materials

reference materials (3.4.14) used for routine analytical control and traceable to NIST standards and other recognized standards when appropriate standards are available

[SOURCE:ASTM A751:2020, 3.2.6]

3.4.24

working standard solution

solution, prepared by dilution of the stock standard solution(s), that contains the analyte(s) (3.3.2) of interest at a concentration(s) better suited to preparation of calibration solutions (3.4.8) than the concentration(s) of the analyte(s) (3.3.2) in the stock standard solution(s)

[SOURCE:ISO 15202-3:2004, 3.2.13]

3.5.1

atomic absorption spectrometry

AAS

spectroanalytical method for qualitative determination and quantitative evaluation of element concentrations wherein the technique determines these concentrations by measuring the atomic absorption of free atoms

Note 1 to entry: The technique of analysis by AAS falls into two main categories, according to the method of atomization, that is, flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) (3.5.6) and electrothermal atomic absorption (ETAAS) (3.5.5) [also called graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS)].

[SOURCE:ISO 6486-1:2019, 3.2, modified — Note to entry added.]

3.5.2

atomic emission spectrometry

AES

pertaining to emission spectrometry in the ultraviolet, visible, or infrared (3.5.16) wavelength regions of the electromagnetic spectrum

Note 1 to entry: Atomic emission spectroscopy (3.5.26) is considered mainly in the ultraviolet and visible regions of the spectrum, i.e. the optical range, and makes use of different sampling sources that give rise to the different categories of optical emission spectroscopy (OES) (3.5.20) , including flame, plasma (3.6.32) , glow discharge, spark, direct current arc optical emission spectroscopy (3.5.20) .

[SOURCE:ASTM E135:2021, modified — Note to entry added.]

3.5.3

atomic fluorescence spectrometry

AFS

method of determining chemical elements based on the measurement of the re-emission of characteristic electromagnetic radiation by atoms, following the absorption of radiation in the vapour phase

Note 1 to entry: The wavelengths of the absorbed and re-emitted radiation can be identical (atomic resonance fluorescence spectrometry) or different.

3.5.4

chemical vapour generation system

analyte (3.3.2) is separated from the sample matrix (3.3.9) by the generation of gaseous species as a result of a chemical reaction

Note 1 to entry: This technique has received its widest application in atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) (3.5.1) in the forms of cold vapour AAS (CVAAS) for the determination of mercury and hydride generation AAS (HGAAS) for elements forming gaseous covalent hydrides (As, Bi, Ge, In, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn and Te). Chemical vapour generation is also used in combination with optical emission (3.5.20) and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (3.5.3) .

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book: 2002, 10.3.4.6]

3.5.4.1

cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry

CVAAS

type of atomic absorption spectrometry (3.5.1) where no vaporisation step is required because the sample is a volatile heavy metal such as mercury, which is a vapour at room temperature

3.5.4.2

hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry

HGAAS

type of atomic absorption spectrometry (3.5.1) where metal samples such as As, Sb and Se are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides

3.5.5

electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

ETAAS

type of spectrometry that uses a graphite-coated furnace to vaporize the sample

Note 1 to entry: This technique has largely been developed for use in atomic absorption spectrometry (3.5.1) . It has also been applied in atomic emission (3.5.2) and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (3.5.3) , with appropriate analogous phrases, such as electrothermal atomic emission spectrometry (ETAES) and electrothermal atomic fluorescence spectrometry (ETAFS).

3.5.6

flame atomic absorption spectrometry

measurement of the absorption of electromagnetic radiation, emitted by an element at a determined wavelength, by an absorbent medium (flame) formed of atoms of the same element that are in the ground state

Note 1 to entry: Each element absorbs radiation of specific wavelengths and the intensity of the absorbed radiation is proportional to the concentration of the said element.

[SOURCE:ISO 3750:2006, 3.1]

3.5.7

flame emission spectrometry

FES

chemical analysis method based on the measurement of light in a given range of wavelengths emitted by a sample atomized in a flame according to the Beer-Lambert law

[SOURCE:ISO 9555-3:1992, 3.1.6, modified — Note to entry added.]

3.5.8

Fourier transform infrared spectrometry

FT-IR spectrometry

form of infrared spectrometry in which an interferogram is obtained; which is then subjected to a Fourier transform to obtain an amplitude-wavenumber (or wave-length) spectrum

Note 1 to entry: The abbreviation FTIR is not recommended.

Note 2 to entry: When FT-IR spectrometers are interfaced with other instruments, a slash should be used to denote the interface; for example, GC/FT-IR; HPLC/FT-IR, and the use of FT-IR should be explicit, that is, FT-IR not IR.

[SOURCE:ASTM E131:2010]

3.5.9

glow discharge spectrometry

GDS

method in which a spectrometer (3.5.22) is used to measure relevant intensities emitted from a glow discharge generated at a surface

Note 1 to entry: This is a general term that encompasses GDOES and GDMS.

[SOURCE:ISO 18115-1:2013, 3.10]

3.5.10

glow discharge optical emission spectrometry

GDOES

method in which an optical emission spectrometer is used to measure the wavelength and intensity of light emitted from a glow discharge (3.6.14) generated at a surface

Note 1 to entry: This method is a spectroscopic method for the quantitative analysis of metals and other non-metallic solids. The metallic samples are used as a cathode in a direct current plasma (3.6.32) . From the surface, the sample is removed in layers by sputtering with argon ions. The removed atoms pass into the plasma (3.6.32) by diffusion. Photons are emitted with excited waves and have characteristic wavelengths that are recorded by means of a downstream spectrometer and subsequently quantified. Glow discharge spectroscopy (3.5.9) is an established method for the characterization of steels (3.1.17) and varnishes.

[SOURCE:ISO 18115-1:2013, 3.9, modified — Note to entry added.]

3.5.11

gravimetry

set of methods used in analytical chemistry for the quantitative determination of an analyte (3.3.2) based on its mass

Note 1 to entry: The four main types of this method of analysis are precipitation, volatilization, electro-analytical and miscellaneous physical method. The methods involve changing the phase of the analyte (3.3.2) to separate it in its pure form from the original mixture and are quantitative measurements.

3.5.12

inductively coupled plasma

ICP

high-temperature discharge (3.6.14) generated in flowing argon by an alternating magnetic field induced by a radio frequency (RF) load coil that surrounds the tube carrying the gas

Note 1 to entry: In inductively coupled plasmas (inductively coupled RF plasmas or inductively coupled argon plasmas), energy transfer to the gas is achieved with the help of an induction coil or inductor (the terms coil, load coil and work coil are discouraged). The frequency at which the source operates should be given, e.g. 27 or 12 MHz, and the gas type should be defined. The plasma (3.6.32) is formed within and/or above a set of refractory tubes arranged coaxially with the induction coil, the whole forming a plasma torch.

[SOURCE:ISO 30011:2010, 3.3.5, modified — Note to entry added.]

3.5.13

inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

ICP-OES

measurement of the intensity of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the components of a sample when excited by a plasma (3.6.32)

Note 1 to entry: Sample atoms entering the plasma emit light radiation, whose characteristic wavelengths and intensities are used to identify the elements and determine concentrations, respectively. Samples are usually presented to the plasma (3.6.32) in solution form.

[SOURCE:ISO 3815-2:2005, 3.1]

3.5.14

inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

ICP-MS

analytical technique comprising a sample introduction system, an inductively coupled plasma (3.5.12) source for ionization of the analytes (3.3.2) , a plasma/vacuum interface and a mass spectrometer comprising an ion focusing, separation and detection system

[SOURCE:ISO/TS 80004-6:2021, 5.23]

3.5.15

ion-selective electrode

ISE

potentiometric probe, the output potential of which, when measured against a suitable reference electrode, is proportional to the activity of the selected ion in the solution under test

Note 1 to entry: This is an electrochemical sensor, based on a thin selective membrane or film as recognition element and is an electrochemical half-cell equivalent to other half-cells of the zeroth (inert metal in a redox electrolyte), 1st, 2nd and 3rd kinds. These devices are distinct for half-cells that involve electrode redox reactions (electrodes of zeroth, 1st, 2nd and 3rd kinds), although they often contain a second kind electrode as the “inner” or “internal” reference electrode. The potential difference is the response (i.e. that of ISE versus outer reference electrode potentials) as its principal component of the Gibbs energy change associated with permselective mass transfer of ions (e.g. by ion-exchange, solvent extraction or some other mechanism) across a phase boundary. The ISE shall be used in conjunction with a reference electrode (i.e. “outer” or “external” reference electrode) to form a complete electrochemical cell. The measured potential difference s (ISE versus outer reference electrode potentials) are linearly dependent on the logarithm of the activity of a given ion in solution. The expression"ion-specific electrode" is not recommended."Specific" implies that the electrode does not respond to additional ions. Since no electrode is truly specific for one ion,"ion-selective" is recommended as more appropriate."Selective ion-sensitive electrode" is rarely used to describe an ion-selective electrode."Principal" or"primary" ions are those for determination of which an electrode is designed. It is never certain that the ISE is more sensitive to the"principal" ion than to interferences, e.g. nitrate ISEs.

[SOURCE:8.3.2.1, IUPAC orange book:2002]

3.5.16

infrared radiation

IR

infrared

optical radiation for which the wavelengths are longer than those for visible radiation

Note 2 to entry: The range of infrared emitted by the source and which reaches the lens should be considered in the design of an infrared-absorbing material.

[SOURCE:IEC 60050-845:2020, 845-21-004, modified — Notes to entry delete, new Note 2 to entry added,"infrared" added as a preferred term.]

3.5.16.1

infrared spectroscopy

infrared (3.5.16) vibrational spectra originate in transitions between discrete vibrational energy levels of molecules, energy being absorbed from the incident infrared (3.5.16) beam by these transitions

Note 1 to entry: An absorption band is thus manifested as a reduction in the energy transmitted in the absence of the absorbing substance. The frequency of the absorption band can be related to the atomic masses and force constants of the vibrating molecule.

3.5.17

laser ablation inductively coupled plasma

laser ablation ICP

technique in which a laser beam focuses on the sample surface to erode material and generate fine particles

Note 1 to entry: The ablated particles are then transported to the secondary excitation source of the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (3.5.14) instrument for digestion and ionization of the sampled mass. The excited ions in the plasma torch are subsequently introduced to a mass spectrometer detector for both elemental and isotopic analysis.

3.5.18

melt extraction

rapid quenching process in which the molten metal is brought into contact with the periphery of a rotating heat-extracting disk

Note 1 to entry: Quench rates exceed 1,000,000 K per second or process to “solidify rapidly” and extract a ribbon-like alloy product by the insertion of a short segment of a rotating chilled block into a bath of a molten metal alloy.

3.5.19

molecular absorption spectrophotometry

area concerned with the measured absorption of radiation in its passage through a gas, a liquid or a solid

Note 1 to entry: Molecules which absorb photons of energy corresponding to wavelengths in the range 190 nm to about 1000 nm exhibit UV/VIS absorption spectra.

Note 2 to entry: The UV/VIS absorption spectrum of a molecular species is normally represented as a graph of some characteristic for the radiation absorbed as a function of wavelength. The graph is representative for that species, solvent, concentration and temperature.

[SOURCE:IUPAC Manual of Symbols and Terminology, Part Vii: Molecular Absorption Spectroscopy, Ultraviolet And Visible (UV/VIS) (Recommendations 1988)]

3.5.20

optical emission spectrometry

measurement of the intensity of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the components of a sample when excited

Note 1 to entry: Each element emits radiation of well- defined and specific wavelength, whose intensity is linked to its concentration.

[SOURCE:ISO 3815-1:2005, 3.1]

3.5.20.1

arc emission spectrometry

spectrometry (3.5.26) where the sample is electrically conductive and can be used directly as one (or both) of the electrodes (self-electrode)

Note 1 to entry: For electrically non-conductive samples, powders or liquids, the sample is introduced into the different types of discharge (3.6.14) in a sample electrode, generally of graphite or amorphous carbon. The non-sample-carrying electrode is called the counter electrode (3.6.11) and can be of carbon, graphite or metal. Graphite and carbon electrodes differ in their electrical and thermal conductivity. The characteristics and operation of the arc depend on the material and shape of the electrodes and on the analytical gap (arc gap) as well as on the polarity of the sample electrode. If the sample electrode is positive, anodic vaporization takes place. If the sample electrode is negative, cathodic vaporization ensues. If radiation from only a thin layer near the cathode is utilized, the technique is known as the cathode layer arc.

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book:2002, 10.3.4.1]

3.5.20.2

spark emission spectrometry

spectrometry (3.5.26) where spark sources, because of their relatively high precision (3.8.22) and accuracy (3.8.1) , are suitable sources for the routine analysis of metals, e.g. for production control purposes

Note 1 to entry: Metals can be analysed with the point-to-point configuration using two sample electrodes (self-electrodes) of the same material. The most common technique uses the point-to-plane configuration, i.e. a plane electrode made from the sample material with a pointed counter electrode (3.6.11) made from another material, which does not contain the analytical elements. Various types of samples can be analysed in the form of solutions with the help of supporting electrodes (e.g. copper spark and graphite spark supporting electrode techniques), carrier electrodes, rotating disc or rotating platform electrodes, vacuum cup or porous cup electrodes.

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book:2002, 10.3.4.2]

3.5.21

potentiometry

measure of the potential difference between an indicator electrode and a reference electrode (or another indicator electrode) in solution, while the current is held at zero, because no faradaic current flows, the potential is usually controlled by the thermodynamic properties of the system

Note 1 to entry: The expressions “zero current potentiometry” and “null-current potentiometry” are not recommended. No special terminology is recommended for measurements of pH and similar quantities.

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book:2002, 8.5]

3.5.22

spectrometer

spectral apparatus for measuring the intensity of one or more spectral bands as a function of a spectral variable

3.5.23

sequential spectrometer

spectrometer (3.5.22) that enables the intensity of several spectral bands of radiation to be measured one after the other in time, i.e. sequentially

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book:2002, 10.3.2.1.2]

3.5.24

simultaneous spectrometer

spectrometer (3.5.22) with more than one detector that enables the intensities of several spectral bands to be measured at the same time

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book:2002, 10.3.2.1.2]

3.5.25

spectrochemical analysis

process in which a sample is submitted to a procedure in which its constituents emit or absorb radiation

Note 1 to entry: Radiation is generated by radiation sources. The element sought or determined in a sample is the analyte (3.3.2) . It is characterized by a specific absorption or emission that is related to its quantity or concentration in the sample.

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book: 2002, 10.2]

3.5.26

spectroscopy

study of physical systems by the electromagnetic radiation with which they interact or that they produce

Note 1 to entry: In certain types of optical spectroscopy, the radiation originates from an external source and is modified by the system, whereas in other types, the radiation originates within the system itself.

[SOURCE:PAC, 1986, 58, 1737 (Quantities and units in clinical chemistry: Nebulizer and flame properties in flame emission and absorption spectrometry (Recommendations 1986))]

3.5.27

spectrophotometer

optical instrument that measures spectral transmittance or reflectance

Note 1 to entry: This instrument consists of an optical source, a monochromator, a sample chamber, an optical detector, a signal processor, a data processor and an interface

3.5.28

thermal conductometry

measurement of a sample gas is a method of determining the gas concentrations of binary mixtures by utilizing the difference of thermal conductivities between two gas components

Note 1 to entry: Current, traditional katharometer technologies not only measure the thermal conductivity but also the thermal mass of the gas thus causing distortion to the measurement.

3.5.29

titration

quantitative chemical analysis to determine the concentration of an identified analyte (3.3.2)

Note 1 to entry: Process of determining the quantity of a substance: A, by adding measured increments (3.3.6) of substance B, with which it reacts (almost always as a standardized solution called the titrant, but also by electrolytic generation, as in coulometric titration) with provision for some means of recognizing (indicating) the point, the end point at which essentially all of A has reacted.

3.5.30

X-ray fluorescence

emission of characteristic X-radiation by an atom as a result of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with its orbital electrons

[SOURCE:PAC, 1994, 66, 2513 (Nomenclature for radioanalytical chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1994))]

3.5.31

X-ray fluorescence analysis

method of analysis based on the measurement of the energies and intensities of characteristic X-radiation emitted by a test portion (3.3.14) during irradiation with X-rays of wavelength shorter than their characteristic wavelengths

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book: 2002, 16]

3.5.31.1

energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis

method of X-ray fluorescence analysis (3.5.31) where element specificity is obtained by measuring the energy spectrum of the induced X-radiation

[SOURCE:PAC, 1982, 54, 1533 (Glossary of terms used in nuclear analytical chemistry (Provisional))]

3.6.1

absorption path length

length of the radiation path through the absorbing medium equal to the cell path length, l, in the case of single-pass cells at normal incidence of radiation

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book: 2002]

3.6.2

absorbance matching

procedure where the concentration of a known analyte (3.3.2) is determined by diluting the sample with solvent until the absorbance matches the absorbance of a known concentration of the analyte (3.3.2) in the reference cell

Note 1 to entry: This method is particularly useful if the Beer-Lambert law does not hold.

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book:2002, 10.3.5.2.7]

3.6.3

axial plasma

end-on plasma

plasma (3.6.32) that is viewed end-on by the optical detection system

[SOURCE:ISO 15202-3:2004, 3.3.1]

3.6.4

background radiation

radiation from any source other than the one it is desired to detect or measure

[SOURCE:PAC, 1994, 66, 2513 (Nomenclature for radioanalytical chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)) Orange Book]

3.6.5

buffer

substance that tends to minimize the effects of one or more elements on the emission of other elements

[SOURCE:ASTM E135:2021, modified — Note 1 to entry added.]

3.6.6

characteristic concentration

characteristic mass

concentration or mass of an element that produces a change from the blank test solution (3.4.1) of 0,004 4 absorbance units (1 % absorption) at the wavelength of the absorption line employed

[SOURCE:OIML R 100-1:2013]

3.6.7

characteristic line

line used for the measurement of analyte (3.3.2) concentration by flame atomic emission, absorption or fluorescence in the vapour phase

Note 1 to entry: Characteristic lines include resonance and other lines.

3.6.8

charge-coupled device detector

CCD

type of solid state detector technology for converting photons into an electrical signal

Note 1 to entry: Typically applied to inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).

3.6.9

charge-injection device detector

CID

type of solid state detector technology for converting photons into an electrical signal

Note 1 to entry: Typically applied to inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).

3.6.10

collimator

device made from radiation absorbent material such as lead or tungsten, designed to limit and define the direction and area of the radiation beam

[SOURCE:ISO 5576:1997, 2.21]

3.6.11

counter electrode

auxiliary electrode

electrode commonly used in applied polarization to balance the current passing to the working electrode

Note 1 to entry: It is usually made from a non-corroding material.

[SOURCE:ISO 8044:2020, 7.1.39]

3.6.12

direct-injection burner

combines the function of nebulizer (3.6.30) and burner

Note 1 to entry: Here, oxidant and fuel emerge from separate ports and are mixed above the burner orifices to produce a turbulent flame. Most commonly, the oxidant is also used for aspirating and nebulizing the sample. However, when the fuel is used for this purpose, the expression"reversed direct-injection burner" is applied. In each case, the mist droplets enter the flame directly, without passing through a spray chamber (3.6.41) .

Note 2 to entry: The expression"total-consumption burner", which is often used, is not recommended.

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book: 2002, 10.3.4.3]

3.6.13

D₂-lamp

hydrogen (discharge) lamp filled with dideuterium in place of dihydrogen

Note 1 to entry: This substitution increases the intensity 3‐to 5‐fold for the same power consumption and extends the upper limit of the continuum further into the visible range.

3.6.14

discharge

triggered capacitor

series of electrical discharges from capacitors initiated by a separate means and extinguished when the voltage across the analytical gap falls to a value that no longer is sufficient to maintain it

[SOURCE:ASTM E135:2021]

3.6.15

drift

slow change of a metrological characteristic of a measuring instrument

3.6.16

drift correction

process of adjusting for a translational shift or a rotational shift, or both, in an instrument calibration (3.4.5)

[SOURCE:ASTM E135:2021]

3.6.17

efficiency of nebulization

ɛ_n

ratio of the amount of analyte (3.3.2) entering the flame to the amount of analyte (3.3.2) aspirated

Note 1 to entry: The quantity, ɛ_n, is not related to the amount of solvent but to the amount of analyte (3.3.2) . Its value cannot be determined unambiguously by simply comparing the volume of solution drained per second from the spray chamber (3.6.41) with the aspiration rate. Correction is usually made for the difference in analyte (3.3.2) concentration in the drained and aspirated solutions respectively, due to the partial evaporation of solvent from the mist droplets deposited on the walls. The quantity, ɛ_n is not merely characteristic of the operation of the nebulizer (3.6.30) but of the nebulizer-burner system as a whole.

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book: 2002, 10.3.4.3]

3.6.18

electrothermal atomizer

device that is heated to the temperature required for analyte (3.3.2) atomization, by the passage of electrical current through its body

Note 1 to entry: This technique has largely been developed for use in atomic absorption spectrometry (3.5.1) . It has also been applied in atomic emission (3.5.2) and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (3.5.3) . See electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (3.5.5) .

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book:2002, 10.3.4.5]

3.6.19

electrodeless discharge lamp

EDL

glass tube filled with an excitable substance and sealed under a reduced pressure or a noble gas, a high frequency electromagnetic field (radio frequency or MW, 300 MHz to 3 000 MHz) can trigger gas discharge (3.6.14) causing the emission of electromagnetic radiation

Note 1 to entry: This phenomenon has been studied for many years and was already well understood in the 1960s. EDL is usually characterized by a higher emission intensity than that of the hollow cathode lamps (3.6.24) , a lower contamination due to the absence of the electrodes, and a longer lifetime. EDLs operate due to free electrons in the fill that are accelerated by the MW field energy. They collide with the gas atoms and ionize them to release more electrons (the “avalanche” effect). The energetic electrons collide with the heavy-atom particles present in the plasma (3.6.32) , thus exciting them from the ground state to higher energy levels. The excitation energy (3.6.20) is then released as the electromagnetic radiation with the spectral characteristics according to the composition of the fill.

3.6.20

excitation energy

minimum energy required to bring a system to a specified higher energy level

[SOURCE:IUPAC Orange Book, 223]

3.6.21

fuel-lean flame

burning of fuel with an excess of air in an internal combustion engine

Note 1 to entry: In lean-burn engines the air, fuel ratio can be as lean as 65:1 (by mass)

3.6.22

fuel-rich flame

mixture of fuel and air, in which the fuel content is greater than that of a stoichiometric mixture

Note 1 to entry: to promote the atomization of elements that readily form oxides in the vapour phase in the flame, a fuel-rich flame is often chosen ここで, reducing conditions favour the dissociation of metal oxides

3.6.23

high voltage sparks

self-ignited spark discharge (3.6.14) characterized by an initial capacitor voltage exceeding the breakdown voltage of the analytical gap or of the control gap

Note 1 to entry: Typical capacitor voltages range from 10 to 20 kV.

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book: 2002, 10.3.1.3]

3.6.24

hollow cathode source

hollow cathode lamp

HCL

discharge lamp designed for use as a spectral line (3.6.40) source with atomic absorption (AA) spectrometers (3.5.22)

Note 1 to entry: A single or multi-element hollow cathode lamp is required for each element to be determined using the AA technique.

Note 2 to entry: The key requirement for the hollow cathode lamp is to generate a narrow emission line for the element being determined. The emission line should be of sufficient spectral purity and intensity to achieve a good calibration (3.4.5) (preferably linear) with low noise.

3.6.25

infrared detector

sensor that converts absorbed infrared radiation (3.5.16) into an electrical signal

Note 1 to entry: The two main types of detectors are thermal and photonic (photodetectors).

[SOURCE:ISO 10878:2013, 1.51, modified — Note to entry added.]

3.6.26

instrumental drift

continuous or incremental change over time in indication, due to changes in metrological properties of a measuring instrument

Note 1 to entry: Instrumental drift is related neither to a change in a quantity being measured nor to a change of any recognized influence quantity physical interferences.

[SOURCE:JCGM 200:2012, 4.21]

3.6.27

ionization efficiency

ratio of the number of ions formed to the number of electrons, ions, or photons used in an ionization process

[SOURCE:ISO 18115-1:2013, 4.273]

3.6.28

inductively coupled plasma torch

ICP torch

device used to support and introduce sample into an ICP discharge

Note 1 to entry: An ICP torch usually consists of three concentric tubes, the outer two usually made from quartz.

[SOURCE:ISO 15202-3:2004, 3.3.6]

3.6.29

linear dispersion

derivative, dx/dλ ここで, x is the distance along the spectrum, in the plane of the exit slit, and λ is the wavelength

[SOURCE:ASTM E131:2010]

3.6.30

nebulizer

device for converting a sample solution into a gas-liquid aerosol for atomic absorption, emission, fluorescence, or mass analysis

[SOURCE:ASTM E135:2021]

3.6.30.1

pneumatic nebulizer

nebulizer (3.6.30) that uses high-speed gas flows to create an aerosol from a liquid

[SOURCE:ISO 15202-3:2004, 3.3.19]

3.6.30.2

ultrasonic nebulizer

nebulizer (3.6.30) in which the aerosol is created by flowing a liquid across a surface that is oscillating at an ultrasonic frequency

[SOURCE:ISO 15202-3:2004, 3.3.24]

3.6.31

photomultiplier tube

electronic device for amplifying and converting light pulses into measurable electrical signals

Note 1 to entry: Vacuum phototube with additional amplification by electron multiplication. It consists of a photocathode, a series of dynodes, called a dynode chain on which a secondary-electron multiplication process occurs, and an anode. According to the desired response time, transit time, time spread, gain, or low dark current, different types of dynode structures have been developed, e.g. circular cage structure, linear focused structure, venetian blind structure, box and grid structure. Some special dynode structures permit combination with additional electric or magnetic fields. A strip dynode photomultiplier tube consists of a photocathode followed by thin dynode material on an insulating substrate. In a continuous-strip photomultiplier, two strip dynodes are arranged in parallel. A potential applied to the ends of the two strips produces an electric field across the continuous strip dynodes, giving rise to electron multiplication along the dynodes. In a resistance-strip magnetic photomultiplier, a uniform magnetic field is applied to the planes of the strips so that the electrons travel in the crossed electric and magnetic fields. A channel photomultiplier tube photocathode consists of a channel electron multiplier (CEM) system for the photoelectrons and an anode to collect the final electron current. The basic part of the CEM is a tube with a semiconducting inner surface. In general, it is curved in order to inhibit the acceleration of positive ions towards the photocathode. A number of small channels called micro channels can be constructed in arrays for imaging applications.

[SOURCE:PAC, 1995, 67, 1745 (Nomenclature, symbols, units and their usage in spectrochemical analysis-XI. Detection of radiation (IUPAC Recommendations 1995))]

3.6.32

plasma

gas that is at least partly ionized and contains particles of various type, that is, electrons, atoms, ions and molecules

Note 1 to entry: Plasma as a whole is electrically neutral

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book:2002,10.3.1.1.1]

3.6.33

pre-burn period

time interval after the initiation of a discharge (3.6.14) during which the emitted radiation energy is not recorded for analytical purposes

[SOURCE:ASTM E135:2021]

3.6.34

premix burner

burner in which the fuel gas is mixed with the oxidizing gas before reaching the combustion zone

[SOURCE:ASTM E135:2021]

3.6.35

primary X-rays

emergent beam from the X-ray source

[SOURCE:ASTM E135:2021]

3.6.36

radial plasma

plasma (3.6.32) that is viewed from the side by the optical detection system

[SOURCE:ISO 15202-3:2004, 3.3.20]

3.6.37

reciprocal linear dispersion

derivative dλ/dx where λ is the wavelength and x is the distance along the spectrum

[SOURCE:ASTM E135:2021]

3.6.38

secondary fluorescence

ionization of the analyte (3.3.2) element in a sample by characteristic radiation from other elements in the sample resulting in an enhancement of the signal measured

[SOURCE:PAC, 1980, 52, 2541 (Nomenclature, symbols, units and their usage in spectrochemical analysis – IV X-ray emission spectroscopy)]

3.6.39

spectral slit width

mechanical width of the exit slit, divided by the linear dispersion (3.6.29) in the exit slit plane spark

[SOURCE:ASTM E131:2010]

3.6.40

spectral line

atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively

Note 1 to entry: In the past, it has been common usage to denote atomic lines as arc lines and ionic lines as spark lines. This usage is now considered to be incorrect. The correct way to indicate that lines are due to atomic or ionic transitions is: Element symbol I wavelength, e.g. Cu I 324,7 nm; and Element symbol II wavelength, e.g. Cu II 213,6 nm. Similarly, for higher states of ionization, the type of line is represented by III, IV, etc.

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange Book, 118]

3.6.41

spray chamber

device, placed between a nebulizer (3.6.30) and an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch (3.6.28) , whose function is to separate out aerosol droplets according to their size, so that only very fine droplets pass into the plasma (3.6.32) and large droplets are drained or pumped to waste

[SOURCE:ISO 15202-3:2004, 3.3.21]

3.6.42

viewing height

observation height

position in a radial plasma (3.6.36) from where the emission measured originates

Note 1 to entry: The viewing height is generally given as the distance, in millimetres, above the load coil.

[SOURCE:ISO 15202-3:2004, 3.3.25]

3.6.43

zeeman effect

splitting or shift of spectral lines (3.6.40) due to the presence of an external magnetic field

[SOURCE:PAC, 1996, 68, 2223 (Glossary of terms used in photochemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1996)) 2284 Orange Book]

3.7.1

background correction

process of correcting the intensity at an analytical wavelength for the intensity due to the underlying spectral background (3.7.19)

[SOURCE:ISO 15202-3:2004, 3.3.2]

3.7.2

excitation interference

matrix interference (3.7.11) that manifests itself as a change in sensitivity (3.8.36) due to a change in plasma (3.6.32) conditions when the matrix (3.3.9) of a calibration (3.4.5) or test solution (3.3.16) is introduced into the plasma (3.6.32)

[SOURCE:ISO 15202-3:2004, 3.3.5]

3.7.3

inter-element correction

interference correction

spectral interference correction technique in which emission contributions from interfering elements that emit at the analyte (3.3.2) wavelength are subtracted from the apparent analyte (3.3.2) emission after measuring the interfering element concentrations at other wavelengths

[SOURCE:ISO 15202-3:2004, 3.3.10]

3.7.4

interfering lines

radiation from nearby spectral lines (3.6.40) may perturb the measurement of the intensity of the line wanted, these lines are termed interfering lines

[SOURCE:IUPAC Orange Book, 159]

3.7.5

interfering substance

(in electroanalytical chemistry) substance, other than the ion being measured, whose presence in the sample solution affects the measured emf of a cell

[SOURCE:PAC, 1994, 66, 2527(Recommendations for nomenclature of ion-selective electrodes (IUPAC Recommendations 1994))]

3.7.6

interference reduction

techniques used to reduce or eliminate analytical errors (3.8.11) resulting from various types of interferences apart from changing the instrumental conditions

Note 1 to entry: Some of those in current use are given in 3.7.6.1 to 3.7.6.4.

3.7.6.1

reference-element technique

technique where the measure of the analyte (3.3.2) is compared with the measure of a reference element (3.7.7)

Note 1 to entry: This technique is used mainly for minimizing nonspecific interferences.

3.7.6.2

analyte addition technique

technique where errors (3.8.11) arising from both specific and non-specific interferences, but not from spectral interferences (3.7.18) , are minimized

3.7.6.3

simulation technique

technique where reference solutions sufficiently similar in quantitative composition to the sample solutions to be analysed are used so that the interferences in the reference and sample solution are equivalent

3.7.6.4

buffer-addition technique

technique where an additive [called a spectrochemical buffer (3.7.17) ] is added to both the sample and reference solutions for the purpose of making the measure of the analyte (3.3.2) less sensitive to variations in interferent concentration

3.7.7

internal standardization

reference element

technique that uses the signal from an internal standard (3.4.10) to correct for matrix interferences (3.7.11)

3.7.8

isobaric overlap

basic spectral overlap between analyte (3.3.2) ions

Note 1 to entry: An isobaric overlap exists where two elements have isotopes of essentially the same mass. It is notable that there are no isobaric interferences below 36 m/z.

3.7.9

masking reagent

substance that decreases the concentration of a free metal ion or ligand by conversion into an essentially unreactive form, thus preventing undesirable chemical reactions that would interfere with the determination

3.7.10

matrix effect

composite interference due to all the concomitants, except for the additives

[SOURCE:10.3.4.3, IUPAC orange book:2002]

3.7.11

matrix interference

non-spectral interference

interference of a non-spectral nature caused by a difference between the matrix (3.3.9) of the calibration (3.4.5) and test solutions (3.3.16)

3.7.12

matrix-matching

technique used to minimize the effect of matrix interferences (3.7.11) on analytical results, involving the preparation of calibration solutions (3.4.8) in which the concentrations of acids and other major solutes are matched with those in the test solutions (3.3.16)

[SOURCE:ISO 15202-3:2004, 3.3.16]

3.7.13

pyrolytic techniques

techniques used for the high-temperature thermal decomposition of a test sample (3.3.15) or for its conversion from one chemical form to another

Note 1 to entry: Although not primarily intended as a method of pre-concentration, pyrolytic techniques can be used to separate the analyte (3.3.2) or analytes from the matrix (3.3.9) of the test sample (3.3.15) . In a technique called furnace pyrolysis, a flowing stream of gas (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, etc.) required to produce volatile species of the elements being determined, is passed over the test sample (3.3.15) in a heated furnace. The analytes (3.3.2) leave the furnace in the gas stream or are entrained by a carrier gas. The analytes (3.3.2) in the gas stream can be collected in an absorbing solution, on a carbon or other filter or by condensation on a cool surface. In the case of mercury, this can also be done by amalgamation with a noble metal. The analytes (3.3.2) can then be swept and released from the trap, by heating, into a sampling source for analysis. The test sample (3.3.15) can also be mixed with a reagent to produce a volatile compound which is volatilized by heating and separated by distillation. Metallic samples can be dissolved by anodic oxidation. This technique can also be used to oxidize and dissolve inclusions or base metal phases from metals and alloys.

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book: 2002, 10.3.4.9]

3.7.14

self-absorption

event that occurs in emission sources of finite thickness when radiant energy quanta emitted by atoms (or molecules) are absorbed by atoms of the same kind present in the same source

Note 1 to entry: The absorbed energy is usually dissipated by collisional transfer of energy or through emission of radiant energy of the same or other frequencies. In consequence, the observed radiant intensity of a spectral line (3.6.40) (or band component) emitted by a source can be less than the radiant intensity would be from an optically thin source having the same number of emitting atoms. Self-absorption can occur in all emitting sources to some degree, whether they are homogeneous or not.

[SOURCE:Orange Book, 242 PAC, 1996, 68, 2223 (Glossary of terms used in photochemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1996))]

3.7.15

spectrochemical additive

additive that is added to samples and reference samples with the intention of making the measure of the analytical element less sensitive to changes in concentration of an interferent

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book: 2002, 10.3.4.1.6]

3.7.15.1

spectrochemical diluent

substance added to the sample to increase its bulk for ease of handling or for the suppression of undesirable matrix effects (3.7.10)

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book: 2002, 10.3.4.1.6]

3.7.15.2

spectrochemical carrier

additive that gives rise to a gas that can help to transport the vapour of the sample material into the excitation region of the source

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book: 2002, 10.3.4.1.6]

3.7.16

solute-volatilization interference

interference that is due to changes in the volatilization rate of the dry aerosol particles in the case when volatilization of the analyte (3.3.2) is incomplete in the presence and/or absence of the concomitant

Note 1 to entry: These interferences can either be specific, if the analyte (3.3.2) and interferent form a new phase of different thermostability, as when Mg and Al form MgAl2O4 in an air-acetylene flame, or non-specific, if the analyte (3.3.2) is simply dispersed in a large excess of the interferent, as when Ag is dispersed in ThO2. Solute volatilization interferences do not necessarily depress the signal. Effects due to compounds causing explosive disintegration of the solid aerosol particles and consequent enhancement also belong to this group.

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book: 2002, 10.3.4.3]

3.7.17

spectrochemical buffer

buffer with the intention of making the measure of the analytical element less sensitive to changes in concentration of an interferent

Note 1 to entry: Additives that can serve as spectrochemical buffers are given in 3.7.17.1 to 3.7.17.6.

3.7.17.1

suppressor

additive that reduces emission, absorption or light scattering by an interferent, thus removing or lowering spectral interference

3.7.17.2

releaser

additive that reduces solute-volatilization interferences (3.7.16) by forming a compound preferentially with the interferent, thus preventing the reaction of the analyte (3.3.2) or interferent from entering a thermally stable compound

3.7.17.3

ionization buffer

additive that are added to increase the free-electron concentration in the flame gases, thus repressing and stabilizing the degree of ionization

3.7.17.4

volatilizer

additive that increase the fraction volatilized, either by forming more volatile compounds or by increasing the total surface area of all analyte (3.3.2) particles [e.g. by explosive disintegration or by dispersal of the analyte (3.3.2) in a highly volatile matrix (3.3.9)]

3.7.17.5

devolatilizer

material added to a sample to reduce its volatilization, or that of some component of it

Note 1 to entry: A typical devolatilizer is carbon, which gives rise to refractory carbides when used in the analysis of tungsten or boron.

3.7.17.6

saturator

interferent added in sufficiently high concentration to the sample solution to reach the saturation plateau of the interference curve

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book: 2002, 10.3.4.3]

3.7.18

spectral interference

incomplete isolation of the radiation emitted or absorbed by the analyte (3.3.2) from other radiation detected by the instrument

3.8.1

accuracy

accuracy of measurement

measurement accuracy

closeness of agreement between a measured quantity value (3.4.16.2) and a true quantity value (3.8.45) of a measurand

Note 1 to entry: The concept"measurement accuracy" is not a quantity and is not given a numerical quantity value. A measurement is said to be more accurate when it offers a smaller measurement error (3.8.11) .

Note 2 to entry: The term"measurement accuracy" should not be used for measurement trueness (3.8.46) and the term" measurement precision (3.8.22) " should not be used for"measurement accuracy", which, however, is related to both these concepts.

Note 3 to entry:"Measurement accuracy" is sometimes under-stood as closeness of agreement between measured quantity values that are being attributed to the measurand.

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.13]

3.8.2

arithmetic mean

average

Note 1 to entry: All summations are taken from 1 to n. The arithmetic mean is an unbiased estimate of the population mean, i.e. .

[SOURCE:PAC, 1994, 66, 595 (Nomenclature for the presentation of results of chemical analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 1994))]

3.8.3

background equivalent concentration

BEC

elemental concentration required to produce an analyte (3.3.2) signal with the same intensity as a background signal

[SOURCE:ISO 11885:2007, 3.3]

3.8.4

between-laboratory standard deviation

standard deviation (3.8.42) of results obtained on the same material using the same method in different laboratories

[SOURCE:ASTM E135: 2021]

3.8.5

bias

measurement bias

estimate of a systematic measurement error (3.8.44)

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.18]

3.8.6

confidence level

confidence coefficient

value (1 − α) of the probability associated with a confidence interval or a statistical coverage interval

Note 1 to entry: (1 − α) is often expressed as a percentage.

Note 2 to entry: In some cases, the confidence level is dictated by the needs of the situation. In all other instances, use of 1- =0,95 is recommended.

3.8.7

control chart

chart with control limits on which some statistical measure of a series of samples is plotted in a particular order to steer the process with respect to that measure

Note 1 to entry: The particular order is usually based on time or sample number order.

Note 2 to entry: The control chart operates most effectively when the measure is a process variable that is correlated with an ultimate product or service characteristic.

[SOURCE:ISO 3534‑2:2006, 2.3.1, modified]

3.8.7.1

Shewhart control chart

control chart (3.8.7) with Shewhart control limits intended primarily to distinguish between the variation in the plotted measure due to random causes and that due to special causes

[SOURCE:ISO 3534‑2:2006, 2.3.2, modified — Note 1 to entry added.]

3.8.8

control material

material used for the purposes of internal quality control (3.8.26) and subjected to the same or part of the same measurement procedure as that used for test materials

Note 1 to entry: Note to 1 entry: Reference materials (3.4.14) can be used as control material, ideal control materials are the certified ones.

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book: 2002, 18.6.1]

3.8.9

degrees of freedom

statistical quantity indicating the number of values which could be arbitrarily assigned within the specification of a system of observations.

Note 1 to entry: For simple replication, with n measurements and one estimated parameter (the mean), v=n-1. More generally, for multivariable computations, the number of degrees of freedom equals the number of observations minus the number of fitted parameters

[SOURCE:PAC, 1994, 66, 595 (Nomenclature for the presentation of results of chemical analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 1994))]

3.8.10

deviation

d_i

[SOURCE:PAC, 1994, 66, 595 (Nomenclature for the presentation of results of chemical analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 1994))]

3.8.11

error

error of measurement

measurement error

measured quantity value (3.4.16.2) minus a reference quantity value (3.4.16.1)

Note 2 to entry: Measurement error should not be confused with production error or mistake.

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.16]

3.8.12

instrumental bias

average (3.8.2) of replicate indications minus a reference quantity value (3.4.16.1)

[SOURCE:JCGM 200:2012, 4.20]

3.8.13

intralaboratory comparison

organization, performance and evaluation of measurements or tests on the same or similar items within the same laboratory in accordance with predetermined conditions

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 17025:2017, 3.4]

3.8.14

intermediate precision condition of measurement

intermediate precision condition

condition of measurement, out of a set of conditions that includes the same measurement procedure, same location, and replicate measurements on the same or similar objects over an extended period of time, but may include other conditions involving changes

Note 1 to entry: The changes can include new calibrations (3.4.5) , calibrators, operators, and measuring systems.

Note 2 to entry: A specification for the conditions should contain the conditions changed and unchanged, to the extent practical.

Note 3 to entry: In chemistry, “inter-serial precision condition of measurement” is sometimes used to designate this concept.

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.22]

3.8.15

intermediate measurement precision

intermediate precision

measurement precision (3.8.22) under a set of intermediate precision conditions of measurement

Note 1 to entry: Relevant statistical terms are given in ISO 5725-3.

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.23]

3.8.16

limit of detection

LOD

detection limit

DL

measured quantity value (3.4.16.2) , obtained by a given measurement procedure, for which the probability of falsely claiming the absence of a component in a material is β, given a probability α of falsely claiming its presence

Note 1 to entry: IUPAC recommends default values for α and β equal to 0,05.

Note 2 to entry: The term “ sensitivity (3.8.36) ” is discouraged for ‘detection limit’.

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 4.18, modified — Note 2 to entry deleted, new Note 3 to entry added.]

3.8.17

limit of quantification

quantification limit

LOQ

lowest amount of an analyte (3.3.2) that is quantifiable with a given confidence level (3.8.6)

Note 1 to entry: The limit of quantification can be calculated as ten times the standard deviation (3.8.42) of blank measurements.

Note 2 to entry: The value LOQ can be used as a threshold value to assure quantitative measurement of an analyte (3.3.2) accurately.

[SOURCE:ISO 18158:2016, 2.4.3.5]

3.8.18

linearity

straight line relationship between the (mean) result of measurement (signal) and the quantity (concentration) of the component to be determined

[SOURCE:ISO 11885:2007, 3.9]

3.8.19

long-term stability

stability (3.8.39) of a reference material (3.4.14) property over an extended period of time

[SOURCE:ISO Guide 30:2015, 2.1.17]

3.8.20

measurement uncertainty

uncertainty of measurement

uncertainty

non-negative parameter characterizing the dispersion of the quantity values (3.4.16) being attributed to a measurand, based on the information used

Note 1 to entry: Measurement uncertainty includes components arising from systematic effects, such as components associated with corrections and the assigned quantity values of measurement standards, as well as the definitional uncertainty. Sometimes estimated systematic effects are not corrected for but, instead, associated measurement uncertainty components are incorporated.

Note 2 to entry: The parameter can be, for example, a standard deviation (3.8.42) called standard measurement uncertainty (or a specified multiple of it), or the half-width of an interval, having a stated coverage probability.

Note 3 to entry: Measurement uncertainty comprises, in general, many components. Some of these can be evaluated by Type A evaluation of measurement uncertainty from the statistical distribution of the quantity values from series of measurements and can be characterized by standard deviations (3.8.42) . The other components, which can be evaluated by Type B evaluation of measurement uncertainty, can also be characterized by standard deviations (3.8.42) , evaluated from probability density functions based on experience or other information.

Note 4 to entry: In general, for a given set of information, it is understood that the measurement uncertainty is associated with a stated quantity value (3.4.16) attributed to the measurand. A modification of this value results in a modification of the associated uncertainty.

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99: 2007, 2.26]

3.8.21

minimum standard deviation

standard deviation (3.8.42) of results on a test material obtained under conditions of minimum variability

[SOURCE:ASTM E135:2021]

3.8.22

measurement precision

precision

closeness of agreement between indications or measured quantity values (3.4.16.2) obtained by replicate measurements on the same or similar objects under specified conditions

Note 1 to entry: Measurement precision is usually expressed numerically by measures of imprecision, such as standard deviation (3.8.42) , variance or coefficient of variation under the specified conditions of measurement.

Note 2 to entry: The ‘specified conditions’ can be, for example, repeatability conditions of measurement (3.8.33.1) , intermediate precision conditions of measurement (3.8.14) , or reproducibility conditions of measurement (3.8.34.1) (see ISO 5725-1:1994).

Note 3 to entry: Measurement precision is used to define measurement repeatability (3.8.33) , intermediate measurement precision (3.8.15) , and measurement reproducibility (3.8.34) .

Note 4 to entry: Sometimes “measurement precision” is erroneously used to mean measurement accuracy (3.8.1) .

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.15]

3.8.23

outlier

member of a set of values which is inconsistent with the other members of that set

Note 1 to entry: ISO 5725-2 specifies the statistical tests and the significance level to be used to identify outliers in trueness (3.8.46) and precision (3.8.22) experiments.

[SOURCE:ISO 5725-1:1994, 3.21]

3.8.24

photometric linearity

ability of a photometric system to yield a linear relationship between the radiant power incident on its detector and some measurable quantity provided by the system

Note 1 to entry: In the case of a simple detector-amplifier combination, the relationship is a direct proportionality between incident radiant power and the deflection of a meter needle or recorder pen.

[SOURCE:ASTM E131:2010]

3.8.25

quality assurance

part of quality management focused on providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled

[SOURCE:ISO 9000:2015, 3.3.6]

3.8.26

quality control

part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirements

[SOURCE:ISO 9000:2015, 3.3.7]

3.8.27

random measurement error

random error of measurement

random error

component of measurement error (3.8.11) that in replicate measurements varies in an unpredictable manner

Note 1 to entry: A reference quantity value (3.4.16.1) for a random measurement error is the average that would ensue from an infinite number of replicate measurements of the same measurand.

Note 2 to entry: Random measurement errors of a set of replicate measurements form a distribution that can be summarized by its expectation, which is generally assumed to be zero, and its variance.

Note 3 to entry: Random measurement error equals measurement error minus systematic measurement error.

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.19]

3.8.28

random fluctuations

random errors (3.8.27) limiting the precision (3.8.22) of analysis

Note 1 to entry: When measuring very large or very small absorbances, uncertainties due to random fluctuations become particularly large. To obtain better precision (3.8.22) in the absorption measurement, it is necessary to adjust the sample concentration or cell path length to bring the absorbance into the range 0,1 to 1,0. The theoretical minimum error (3.8.11) occurs at a best precision (3.8.22) absorbance of about 0,43 for a spectrometer (3.5.22) with a detector that is thermal noise limited, e.g. phototube or photodiode, and of about 0,86 for a spectrometer (3.5.22) with a detector that is shot noise limited, e.g. a photomultiplier (3.6.31) .

[SOURCE:IUPAC orange book:2002, 10.3.5.2.8]

3.8.29

regression analysis

use of statistical methods for modeling a set of dependent variables, Y, in terms of combinations of predictions, X

Note 1 to entry: It includes methods such as multiple linear regression (MLR) and partial least squares (PLS).

[SOURCE:PAC, 1997, 69, 1137 (Glossary of terms used in computational drug design (IUPAC Recommendations 1997))]

3.8.30

relative standard deviation

s_r

Note 1 to entry: sigma (σ) and 's' as representing the standard deviation (3.8.42) of a normal distribution is simply that sigma (σ) signifies the idealised population standard deviation (3.8.42) derived from an infinite number of measurements, whereas 's' represents the sample standard deviation (3.8.42) derived from a finite number.

[SOURCE:PAC, 1994, 66, 595 (Nomenclature for the presentation of results of chemical analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)) Orange Book]

3.8.31

relative detection limit

smallest amount of material detectable (3σ-criterion) in a matrix (3.3.9) relative to the amount of material analysed, given in atomic, mole or weight fractions

Note 1 to entry: Often incorrectly referred to as"sensitivity" (3.8.36).

[SOURCE:PAC, 1979, 51, 2243 (General aspects of trace analytical methods - IV. Recommendations for nomenclature, standard procedures and reporting of experimental data for surface analysis techniques)]

3.8.32

relative standard measurement uncertainty

standard measurement uncertainty divided by the absolute value of the measured quantity value (3.4.16.2)

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.32]

3.8.33

repeatability

measurement repeatability

measurement precision (3.8.22) under a set of repeatability conditions of measurement

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.21]

3.8.33.1

repeatability condition of measurement

repeatability condition

condition of measurement out of a set of conditions that includes the same measurement procedure, same operators, same measuring system, same operating conditions and same location, and replicate measurements on the same or similar objects over a short period of time

Note 1 to entry: In chemistry, the expression “intra-serial precision condition of measurement” is sometimes used to designate this concept.

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.20]

3.8.33.2

repeatability limit

r

value less than or equal to which the absolute difference between two test results obtained under repeatability conditions (3.8.33.1) can be expected to be with probability of 95 %

[SOURCE:ISO 5725-1: 1994, 3.16]

3.8.33.3

repeatability standard deviation

standard deviation (3.8.42) of test results or measurement results obtained under repeatability conditions (3.8.33.1)

Note 1 to entry: It is a measure of the dispersion of the distribution of test or measurement results under repeatability conditions (3.8.33.1) .

Note 2 to entry: Similarly, “repeatability variance” and “repeatability coefficient of variation” can be defined and used as measures of the dispersion of test or measurement results under repeatability conditions (3.8.33.1) .

[SOURCE:ISO 3534‑2:2006, 3.3.7]

3.8.33.4

repeatability relative standard deviation

RSD_r

measure used to show the extent of variability in relation to the mean of the population

Note 1 to entry: Relative standard deviation (RSD) (3.8.30) is a useful measure of precision (3.8.22) in quantitative studies and reflects precision (3.8.22) under repeatability conditions (3.8.33.1) . The RSD is also known as coefficient of variation.

3.8.34

reproducibility

measurement reproducibility

measurement precision (3.8.22) under reproducibility conditions of measurement

Note 1 to entry: Relevant statistical terms are given in ISO 5725-1:1994 and ISO 5725-2:2019.

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99: 2007, 2.25]

3.8.34.1

reproducibility condition of measurement

reproducibility condition

condition of measurement, out of a set of conditions that includes different locations, operators, measuring systems, and replicate measurements on the same or similar objects

Note 1 to entry: The different measuring systems can use different measurement procedures.

Note 2 to entry: A specification should give the conditions changed and unchanged, to the extent practical.

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99: 2007, 2.24]

3.8.34.2

reproducibility limit

R

value less than or equal to which the absolute difference between two test results obtained under reproducibility conditions (3.8.34.1) can be expected to be with probability of 95 %

[SOURCE:ISO 5725-1:1994, 3.20]

3.8.34.3

reproducibility standard deviation

standard deviation (3.8.42) of test results or measurement results obtained under reproducibility conditions (3.8.34.1)

Note 1 to entry: It is a measure of the dispersion of the distribution of test or measurement results under reproducibility conditions (3.8.34.1) .

Note 2 to entry: Similarly, “reproducibility variance” and “reproducibility coefficient of variation” can be defined and used as measures of the dispersion of test or measurement results under reproducibility conditions (3.8.34.1) .

[SOURCE:ISO 3534‑2:2006, 3.3.12]

3.8.35

resolution

smallest change in a quantity being measured that causes a perceptible change in the corresponding indication

Note 1 to entry: Resolution can depend on, for example, noise (internal or external) or friction. It can also depend on the value of a quantity being measured.

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99: 2007, 4.14]

3.8.36

sensitivity

slope (3.8.41) of the calibration curve (3.4.7)

Note 1 to entry: If the curve is a curve, rather than a straight line, then of course sensitivity will be a function of analyte (3.3.2) concentration or amount.

Note 2 to entry: If sensitivity is to be a unique performance characteristic, it must depend only on the chemical measurement process, not upon scale factors.

[SOURCE:PAC, 1995, 67, 1699 (Nomenclature in evaluation of analytical methods including detection and quantification capabilities (IUPAC Recommendations 1995))]

3.8.37

sensitivity of a measuring system

quotient of the change in an indication of a measuring system and the corresponding change in a value of a quantity being measured

Note 1 to entry: Sensitivity of a measuring system can depend on the value of the quantity being measured.

Note 2 to entry: The change considered in a value of a quantity being measured must be large compared with the resolution (3.8.35) .

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99: 2007, 4.12]

3.8.38

selectivity

selectivity of a measuring system

property of a measuring system, used with a specified measurement procedure, whereby it provides measured quantity values (3.4.16.2) for one or more measurands such that the values of each measurand are independent of other measurands or other quantities in the phenomenon, body, or substance being investigated

Note 1 to entry: In physics, there is only one measurand; the other quantities are of the same kind as the measurand, and they are input quantities to the measuring system.

Note 2 to entry: In chemistry, the measured quantities often involve different components in the system undergoing measurement and these quantities are not necessarily of the same kind.

Note 3 to entry: In chemistry, selectivity of a measuring system is usually obtained for quantities with selected components in concentrations within stated intervals.

Note 4 to entry: Selectivity as used in physics (see Note 1 to entry) is a concept close to specificity as it is sometimes used in chemistry.

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99: 2007, 4.13, modified — EXAMPLE 5 deleted.]

3.8.39

stability of a measuring instrument

stability

property of a measuring instrument, whereby its metrological properties remain constant in time

Note 1 to entry: Stability can be quantified in several ways.

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99: 2007, 4.19]

3.8.40

significant digits

significant numbers

in a numeral, digit that is needed to preserve a given accuracy or a given precision

Note 1 to entry: Laboratories shall report each element to the same number of significant numbers as used in the pertinent material specifications

Note 2 to entry: When a chemical determination yields a greater number of significant numbers than is specified for an element, the result shall be rounded in accordance with a rounding procedure.

3.8.41

slope

simple linear regression coefficients as established from a least-squares regression of optimized instrument readings against results as obtained with physico-chemical reference methods

Note 1 to entry: This is the parameter b in the calibration (3.4.5) formula.

3.8.42

standard deviation

s

positive square root of the variance

Note 1 to entry: Can be expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV), which is calculated as 100 times the standard deviation divided by the mean and expressed as a percentage.

[SOURCE:ISO 3534-1:2006, 2.37, modified — Note 1 to entry added, EXAMPLE deleted.]

3.8.43

steady-state operating condition

operating condition of a measuring instrument or measuring system in which the relation established by calibration (3.4.5) remains valid even for a measurand varying with time

[SOURCE:JCGM 200:2012, 4.8]

3.8.44

systematic error

systematic measurement error

systematic error of measurement

component of measurement error (3.8.11) that in replicate measurements remains constant or varies in a predictable manner

Note 1 to entry: A reference quantity value (3.4.16.1) for a systematic measurement error is a true quantity value (3.8.45) , or a measured quantity value (3.4.16.2) of a measurement standard of negligible measurement uncertainty (3.8.20) , or a conventional quantity value.

Note 2 to entry: Systematic measurement error, and its causes, can be known or unknown. A correction can be applied to compensate for a known systematic measurement error.

Note 3 to entry: Systematic measurement error equals measurement error minus random measurement error.

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99: 2007, 2.17]

3.8.45

true quantity value

true value of a quantity

true value

quantity value (3.4.16) consistent with the definition of a quantity

Note 1 to entry: In the error (3.8.11) approach to describing measurement, a true quantity value is considered unique and, in practice, unknowable. The uncertainty (3.8.20) approach is to recognize that, owing to the inherently incomplete amount of detail in the definition of a quantity, there is not a single true quantity value but rather a set of true quantity values consistent with the definition. However, this set of values is, in principle and in practice, unknowable. Other approaches dispense altogether with the concept of true quantity value and rely on the concept of metrological compatibility of measurement results for assessing their validity.

Note 2 to entry: In the special case of a fundamental constant, the quantity is considered to have a single true quantity value.

Note 3 to entry: When the definitional uncertainty (3.8.20) associated with the measurand is considered to be negligible compared to the other components of the measurement uncertainty (3.8.20) , the measurand can be considered to have an “essentially unique” true quantity value. This is the approach taken by the GUM and associated documents ここで, the word “true” is considered to be redundant.

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99: 2007, 2.11]

3.8.46

trueness

measurement trueness

trueness of measurement

closeness of agreement between the average of an infinite number of replicate measured quantity values (3.4.16.2) and a reference quantity value (3.4.16.1)

Note 1 to entry: Measurement trueness is not a quantity and thus cannot be expressed numerically, but measures for closeness of agreement are given in the ISO 5725 series.

Note 2 to entry: Measurement trueness is inversely related to systematic measurement error (3.8.44) , but is not related to random measurement error (3.8.27) .

Note 3 to entry:"Measurementaccuracy" (3.8.1) should not be used for"measurement trueness".

[SOURCE:JCGM 200:2012, 2.14]

3.8.47

verification

provision of objective evidence that a given item fulfils specified requirements

Note 1 to entry: When applicable, measurement uncertainty (3.8.20) should be taken into consideration.

Note 2 to entry: The item can be, e.g. a process, measurement procedure, material, compound, or measuring system.

Note 3 to entry: The specified requirements can be, e.g. that a manufacturer's specifications are met.

Note 4 to entry: Verification in legal metrology, as defined in VIML^[53], and in conformity assessment in general, pertains to the examination and marking and/or issuing of a verification certificate for a measuring system.

Note 5 to entry: Verification should not be confused with calibration (3.4.5) . Not every verification is a validation (3.8.48) .

Note 6 to entry: In chemistry, verification of the identity of the entity involved, or of activity, requires a description of the structure or properties of that entity or activity.

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.45]

3.8.48

validation

confirmation, through the provision of objective evidence, that the requirements for a specific intended use or application have been fulfilled.

Note 1 to entry: The objective evidence needed for a validation is the result of a test or other form of determination such as performing alternative calculations or reviewing documents.

Note 2 to entry: The word “validated” is used to designate the corresponding status.

Note 3 to entry: The use conditions for validation can be real or simulated.

[SOURCE:ISO 9000:2015, 3.8.13]

3.8.49

within-laboratory repeatability standard deviation

s_rLab

standard deviation of test results obtained with the same method on identical test items in the same laboratory within a short interval of time by the same operator using the same equipment

[SOURCE:ISO 25337:2010, 3.4]

3.8.50

within-laboratory reproducibility standard deviation

s_RLab

standard deviation of test results obtained with the same method on identical test items in the same laboratory by different operators, preferably using different equipment, over a longer period of time

[SOURCE:ISO 25337:2010, 3.5]