ISO 18557:2017 修復目的で放射性核種によって汚染された土壌、建物、インフラストラクチャの特性評価の原則 | ページ 6

3.1

characterization

determination of the nature, concentration and spatial extent of radiological and chemical contents present in a specified place

Note 1 to entry: See also radiological and chemical survey.

3.2

clean-up work

actions taken to reduce the exposure to radiological and chemical substances from existing contamination through actions applied to the contamination itself (the source) or to the exposure pathways to humans and the environment

Note 1 to entry: See also remediation (3.22) .

3.3

clearance level

release threshold

value, or a set of values, established by a regulatory body and expressed in terms of activity concentration and/or total activity, at or below which a source of radiation may be released from regulatory control

3.4

contaminant

radioactive or chemical substance or agent present in a medium which due to its properties, amount or concentration may have impacts on the environment and human health

3.5

contamination

presence of radioactive or chemical substance or agent in any medium where it is not desired, and which due to its properties, amount or concentration may have impacts on the environment and human health

3.6

cost-benefit analysis

decision aiding tool using a systematic evaluation of the positive effects (benefits) and negative effects (disbenefits) of undertaking an action, integrating technical, time-schedule, management, financial, societal, environmental issues.

3.7

data quality assessment

DQA

process performed once the collected data have been properly verified and validated

Note 1 to entry: In DQA, assessment means evaluation of quality of data that is meaningful only when it relates to the intended use of the data.

3.8

data quality objective

DQO

process used to establish performance or acceptance criteria, which serve as the basis for designing a plan for collecting data of sufficient quality and quantity to support the goals of a study

3.9

destructive analysis

da

analysis of radioactive and chemical materials using methods which involve the destruction of a sample, e.g. chemical and radiochemical analysis, ICP-MS, alpha spectrometry

3.10

difficult to measure radionuclides DTM

nuclides that cannot be easily measured through their gamma radiation or beta emissions; usually comprise alpha-emitting nuclides without strong gamma lines or pure beta emitters

Note 1 to entry: Examples include ³H, ¹⁴C, ³⁶Cl, ⁹⁰Sr, ⁹⁹Tc, ¹²⁹I, ²³⁸Pu.

3.11

easy to measure radionuclides

ETM

gamma emitting nuclides whose radioactivity can be readily measured directly by non-destructive analysis means

3.12

fingerprint

nuclide vector

used to infer and quantify the presence of other key nuclides

Note 1 to entry: Applying correlation factors enables estimations of difficult to measure nuclides (3.10) .

Note 2 to entry: It is a method which involves measurements of easy to measure radionuclides (3.11) (usually gamma emitters, e.g. ¹³⁷Cs, ⁶⁰Co) to quantify difficult to measure nuclides (3.10) .

3.13

geostatistics

statistical methodology based on the use of spatial correlations between couples of measured values, which produces interpolation maps by the kriging technique

Note 1 to entry: The added value of geostatistics lies in the quantification of the result uncertainty and its more advanced techniques (non linear, non stationary, multivariate…).

3.14

graded approach

application of safety requirements that is commensurate with the characteristics of the practice or source and with the magnitude and likelihood of the exposures

Note 1 to entry: The use of a graded approach is intended to ensure that the necessary levels of analysis, documentation and actions are commensurate with, for example, the magnitudes of any radiological hazards and non-radiological hazards, the nature and the particular characteristics of a facility or site, and the stage in its lifetime.

3.15

health impact assessment

combination of procedures, methods and tools by which a policy, programme or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population, and the distribution of those effects within the population

3.16

infrastructures

all ancillary equipment and facilities providing necessary support to the operation of a nuclear facility or site: e.g. sewage network, roads. but also heavy equipment which might be disposed of as waste or re-used after clean-up, such as bridge and portal cranes

3.17

in situ measurement

field measurement

measurement where the detection instrument is taken to the material: it is a non-destructive measurement

3.18

judgement assessment

measurements performed at locations selected using expert judgment based for instance on unusual appearance, location relative to known contaminated areas, high potential for residual radioactivity, general supplemental information.

3.19

mapping

representation of 2D or 3D objects

Note 1 to entry: Background layers consist of aerial or satellite images as well as vectorial maps. Measured data are represented in the form of a map (points, colourscale, size, symbol…). It also integrates 2D and 3D grid results (e.g. isocontours, slices, selection).

3.20

non-destructive analysis

NDA

number of analytical techniques that allow measurement of specific properties without physical destruction of the media/item

Note 1 to entry: Generally used for in situ measurements.

3.21

radionuclide

rn

nucleus (of an atom) that possesses properties of spontaneous disintegration (radioactivity)

Note 1 to entry: Nuclei are distinguished by their mass number and atomic number.

3.22

remediation

measures taken for contaminant removal, containment or monitored non-intervention at a contaminated site to reduce exposure to radiation, and for improvement in the environmental and/or economic value of the contaminated site

Note 1 to entry: to entry : Remediation of a site does not necessarily imply a restoration of the site to pristine condition.

3.23

remediation objectives

generic term for any objective, including those related to technical (for example residual contamination concentrations, engineering performance), administrative and legal requirements

Note 1 to entry: to entry : The future site end-use assumption forms the basis of remediation objectives and is used in developing the strategy for the decommissioning and remediation activities.

3.24

sample

set of individual physical portions or measurements drawn from a population whose properties are studied to gain information about the entire population

Note 1 to entry: to entry : The manner the sample is selected should be described in the sampling plan (3.27) .

3.25

laboratory sample

sample intended for laboratory inspection or analysis

Note 1 to entry: When the laboratory sample is further prepared (reduced) by subdividing, mixing, grinding, or by combinations of these operations, the result is the test sample. When no preparation of the laboratory sample is required, the laboratory sample is the test sample. A test portion is removed from the test sample for the performance of the test or for analysis.

Note 2 to entry: The laboratory sample is the final sample from the point of view of sample collection but it is the Initial sample from the point of view of the laboratory.

Note 3 to entry: Several laboratory samples may be prepared and sent to different laboratories or to the same laboratory for different purposes.

3.26

sampling

act of taking or constituting (and preparing) a sample, in the aim of investigating a whole population

Note 1 to entry: For the purpose of soil investigation, “sampling” also relates to the selection of locations for in situ testing carried out in the field without removal of material.

3.27

sampling plan

detailed outline of which measurements will be taken, typically detailing at what times, on which material, in what manner, and by whom

Note 1 to entry: Sampling plans are designed in such a way that the resulting data will contain a representative sample of the parameters of interest and enable all questions, as stated in the goals, to be answered.

Note 3 to entry: This includes which surveys will be done, which samples will be taken, and how they will be collected, prepared and measured (e.g. sampling point, time of collection, depth of sampling, and other variables necessary to carry out a measurement of a specific sampling location in time and space).

Note 4 to entry: The plan may specify, for example, that the sampling is systematic and in two stages. In combination with the specification of the type of sampling, the sampling plan in this example also may specify the number of increments to be taken from a lot, the number of composite samples (or gross samples) per lot, the number of test samples per composite sample, and the number of measurements/tests per test sample.

3.28

probabilistic sampling

sampling conducted according to the statistical principles of sampling, to ensure that each particle or element in the population submitted to sampling has an equal chance of being part of the sample

Note 1 to entry: Probabilistic sampling results in boundary conditions for the type of sampling equipment used, the method of sampling (where, when, how) and the minimum size of increments and (composite) samples.

3.29

site

any installation, facility, or discrete physically separate parcel of land, or any building or infrastructure or portion thereof, that is being considered for survey and investigation and if necessary, remediation

Note 1 to entry: It includes soils, buildings and infrastructures (excluding surface and groundwater).

3.30

radiological survey

chemical survey

type of survey that includes facility or site sampling, monitoring, and analysis activities to determine the extent and nature of contamination (3.5)

Note 1 to entry: Characterization surveys provide the basis for acquiring necessary technical information to develop, analyse, and select appropriate cleanup techniques.

Note 2 to entry: See also characterization (3.1) .

3.31

variogram

semi-variogram

measure of spatial variation of a variable

3.32

zone of interest

area of interest

area where contamination (3.5) is suspected after historical analysis, functional analysis or preliminary characterization (3.1)