ISO 4046-3:2016 紙、板紙、パルプおよび関連用語—用語, 語彙—パート3：ペーパーメイキングの用語 | ページ 5

3.1

accept

generic term for any material which is not rejected by cleaning and/or screening

3.2

accepted stock

the part of the stock which is not rejected by cleaning and/or screening

3.3

acid sizing

type of sizing in which the stock is kept acidic, usually at a pH less than 6

3.4

additive

any material added to improve the process or particular properties in the final sheet

3.5

air-jet coating

3.6

air-knife coating

air-jet coating

coating method in which the applied coating slip is levelled and the excess removed by means of a uniform stream of compressed air (air knife) suitably directed from a slot placed across the machine in close proximity to the coated surface of the roll-supported web

3.7

air-drying

method used for drying paper

Note 1 to entry: Air-drying in sheets is generally carried out in contact with freely circulating air. Air-drying in the web is generally carried out by contact with heated air, either in a room or in a tunnel (festoon dryers).

3.8

alkaline sizing

type of sizing in which stock is made alkaline, usually more than pH 8

3.9

alum

aluminum sulfate

Note 1 to entry: In chemistry, alum refers to double salts, such as potassium aluminum sulfate. However, in papermaking the term alum is used to refer to aluminum sulfate, since some double salts were, in the past, used for the same purpose.

3.10

angle cutting

dividing one, or simultaneously more than one, web of paper or board at an angle other than a right angle to the machine direction to produce sheets, in particular for envelope making

3.11

beater

hollander

machine, fitted with a bedplate and a roll, intended for the treatment of fibrous materials in an aqueous medium in order to give them some of the properties needed to produce paper with the necessary characteristics

Note 1 to entry: In a beater, the treatment is usually a batch operation.

3.12

beating

mechanical treatment which consists in submitting stock to the action of a beater

Note 1 to entry: Beating and refining are often used inter­changeably. More precisely, beating refers to a specific refining action where rotating bars opposite a stationary bedplate act on fibres flowing past, perpendicular to the bars. In current usage, beating can refer to any laboratory pulp refining or milling process.

3.13

blade coating

method of coating a continuous web of paper or board in which the amount of coating is controlled by means of a flexible metal blade which bears upon the coated surface of a roll-supported web immediately after application of the coating slip by any convenient coating process

3.14

blister

local visible deformation of the surface of a paper , or in the coating, caused by a bubble produced by the rapid evaporation of water contained in the sheet

3.15

blow

pocket of air remaining between two furnish layers or plies

3.16

board

paperboard

generic term applied to certain types of paper frequently characterized by their relatively high rigidity

Note 1 to entry: In the generic sense, the term “ paper ” may be used to describe both paper and board as defined in this part of ISO 4046. The primary distinction between paper and board is normally based upon thickness or grammage, though in some instances the distinction will be based on the characteristics and/or end-use. For example, some materials of lower grammage , such as certain grades of folding boxboard and corrugating raw materials, are generally referred to as “board”, while other materials of higher grammage, such as certain grades of blotting paper, felt paper and drawing paper, are generally referred to as “paper”.

3.17

breaker

breaker beater

pulper with or without a bedplate and with a roll fitted with blunt bars

Note 1 to entry: cf. pulper

Note 2 to entry: A breaker is used to break down sheets of pulp , waste paper , broke , rag pulp , rags or other textile scraps into a suspension.

3.18

breaker beater

3.19

broke

paper or board which is discarded at any stage during its manufacture and usually repulped

3.20

brush coating

method of coating a continuous web of paper or board in which the applied coating slip is then distributed and smoothed by means of brushes, of which some are stationary and some oscillate across the web

3.21

calender

machine, intended to smooth or otherwise finish the paper or board , and consisting essentially of a certain number of superposed rolls

3.22

calendering

operation carried out by means of a calender on partially dried paper or board , with the aim of improving the finish , the process permitting some control of the thickness of the paper or board

3.23

CD

3.24

clay slip

aqueous suspension with china clay as the pigment

3.25

coating

process of applying, to the surface of a paper or board , one or more layers of coating slip or other materials in fluid form

3.26

coating colour

3.27

coating slip

coating colour

liquid suspension in which the pigment is generally a white mineral of very small particle size, and which contains one or more binders (adhesives)

Note 1 to entry: Other additives, such as colouring matter, disper­sants or viscosity modifiers, may also be present. This liquid suspension is intended for coating the surface of paper or board .

3.28

cockle finish

a ripple-like finish deliberately produced by shrinkage during drying under little or no tension

3.29

composition

nature and proportions of the fibrous and non-fibrous constituents of the paper or board

3.30

contrary (1)

any unwanted particle or spot of specified minimum size and having a sufficiently contrasting light reflectance with respect to the surrounding area of the sheet

[SOURCE:ISO 15755:1999]

Note 1 to entry: A contrary can include any blemish on the paper surface.

3.31

contrary (2)

impurity

any material that might be detrimental to the paper or board being manufactured from the recovered paper or which might damage paper-making equipment or render repulping difficult

cf. recovered paper

3.32

converting

manufacture of products by processes or operations applied after the normal paper or board manu­facturing process

3.33

couch

part of the paper or board machine at which the wet web leaves the fabric on which it has been formed

3.34

crêping

operation of crinkling paper in order to increase its stretch and softness

3.35

cross-direction

CD

direction in the plane of a paper perpendicular to the machine direction

3.36

crushing (1)

defect in paper caused by disturbance of the formation of the already formed wet web by excess pressure and visible as a local clotting

3.37

crushing (2)

defect occurring during calendering of paper , visible as local areas of greater translucency or as holes, or possibly as blackening

3.38

curtain coating

method of coating paper or board by passing it through a continuous flowing curtain of the coating material, achieved by gravity and/or pressure

3.39

cutting

dividing one, or simultaneously more than one, web of paper or board in the cross-direction to produce sheets

3.40

cylinder machine

3.41

deckle board

stationary equipment placed on each side of a fourdrinier former for retaining laterally the stock on the wire during the early part of drainage

Note 1 to entry: This equipment can be adjusted laterally to obtain the required width of the web on the fourdrinier former .

3.42

deckle frame

removable rectangular frame which fits on the wire mould used in handmade paper manufacture to prevent the stock from running off the mould

3.43

deckle of suction box

stationary equipment used inside suction boxes on the paper or board machine to restrict the suction area to the width of the wet web

Note 1 to entry: This equipment can be adjusted laterally to conform to the width of the web .

3.44

deckle strap

endless belt, generally rectangular in cross-section, that travels with the fourdrinier wire and serves the same purpose as a deckle board

3.45

dip coating

method of coating a continuous web of paper by passing the web around a roll immersed in a pan of suitable material (sometimes a coating slip )

Note 1 to entry: The roll can be partially immersed for single-side coating, or totally immersed for two-sided coating.

3.46

dry broke

broke accumulated at any stage on the dry end of the paper or board machine, including trimmings from the reeling, slitting and cutting operations, as well as paper or board rejected during sorting

3.47

dry crêping

crêping process performed as an on-machine opera­tion on a dried web

3.48

edge cutters

device comprising two jets of water which are adjustable across the paper or board machine and which divide the wet web on the wire lengthwise so that the edges may be removed, generally at the couch

Note 1 to entry: In this way they control the width of the web going forward from the wire part and give it a comparatively clean edge.

3.49

extrusion coating

method of coating a continuous web of paper or board with resins, plastics or similar compounds, applying the coating through an extruder die positioned immediately above the nip between a supporting roll and a chill roll

3.50

felt side

3.51

fibre composition

fibrous constituents of a paper or board and their proportions in it

3.52

fibrillation

freeing of the fibrils by partial rupture of the fibres submitted to an appropriate treatment, for example beating or refining

3.53

filler

loading

fine pigment, generally white and usually of mineral origin, incorporated in the stock during the manufacture of paper or board

3.54

fluorescent whitening

optical brightening (deprecated)

incorporation in a pulp , stock , surface sizing or coating of an almost colourless substance that can convert ultraviolet radiation into visible light, making an apparent improvement in the whiteness of paper or board

3.55

flute

one of the undulations of fluted paper

3.56

formation

manner in which the fibres are distributed, disposed and intermixed to constitute the paper

cf. look-through

3.57

fourdrinier former

fourdrinier table

fourdrinier wire part

part of a paper or board machine consisting of anendless belt of mesh fabric (metal or synthetic), the upper part of which forms a flat surface on which the web is formed and through which a major portion ofthe water is removed

3.58

fourdrinier machine

machine for the production of a web of paper or board which is formed by drainage of the stock on a fourdrinier former , the wet web then being pressed and dried

3.59

fourdrinier table

3.60

fourdrinier wire part

3.61

free stock

stock that, when drained under gravity, parts easilywith the water of the suspension

cf. drainability, freeness value,

Note 1 to entry: The condition of any given stock may be measured and expressed numerically as the drainability or the freeness value .

Note 2 to entry: The antonym of this term is wet stock .

3.62

friction glazing

operation of imparting a glossy finish to the surface of paper or board , generally coated, by means of a friction-glazing calender

3.63

friction-glazing calender

special type of calender consisting of a compressible non-metallic roll and a smaller metal roll

Note 1 to entry: These rolls are so geared that the smaller roll has the higher peripheral speed.

3.64

furnish

nature and proportions of the fibrous and non-fibrous components of the stock other than water

3.65

furnish layer

layer of paper or board consisting of one or several plies of the same composition

3.66

glazing

operation of imparting a lustre to paper or board by means of any appropriate drying or mechanical finishing process

3.67

gravure coating

roll coating method in which the applicator roll is supplied with coating material by (or alternatively consists of) a metal roll engraved with small closely spaced cells or depressions

3.68

guillotine trimming

operation of cutting away the edges of a pile of sheet s of paper or board so as to produce sheets with clean edges, exactness of angle and of a specific size

3.69

guillotining

dividing a sheet or sheets of paper or board by means of a rigid knife

3.70

gumming

operation consisting in applying a suitable adhesive to the whole or a part of the surface of a sheet of paper or board

3.71

hollander

3.72

hot-melt coating

method of coating with a 100 % solid compound of wax, resin or polymer, or mixtures thereof, heated to a fluid state and applied to the substrate by, for example, a roll, gravure or extrusion coating process with a subsequent chilling device

3.73

impurity

3.74

intermittent board machine

wet lap machine

machine for forming sheets of board consisting of either a fourdrinier former or one or more cylinder moulds or vats

Note 1 to entry: The wet web is wound on a drum forming a continuous mat of several layers. When the required thickness is obtained, the sheet is cut and stripped from the drum.

3.75

laid lines

continuous watermark consisting of very close parallel lines, generally associated with spaced lines (chain lines) at right angles to these

3.76

length of a reel or roll

length of the paper or board forming a reel or roll

Note 1 to entry: Length is normally expressed in metres.

3.77

loading

3.78

machine deckle

overall width of the wet web as it leaves the forming zone

Note 1 to entry: Sometimes used incorrectly in English to indicate the width of the web at the dry end of the machine.

3.79

machine direction

MD

direction in a paper or a board parallel to the direction of travel of the web on the paper or board machine

3.80

machine fill

actual width of a paper or board machine taken up by a particular fabrication

Note 1 to entry: Ideally this should closely approach the maximum trimmed machine width .

Note 2 to entry: In English, the word “deckle” is sometimes used incorrectly for “machine fill”.

3.81

machine stack

type of calender situated at the end of the paper or board machine of which the rolls are of metal only

3.82

marking press

rubber-covered roll with a raised or recessed pattern, used in conjunction with a press roll in the press section of the paper machine to produce a rubber mark in the web

3.83

maturing

evolution, generally favourable, of the characteristics of paper or board during storage under suitable conditions

3.84

maximum deckle

greatest practicable width of the wet web as it leaves the forming zone

3.85

maximum trimmed machine width

maximum width of the web of paper or board which it is possible to make on a given machine, the width being determined after the removal of a minimum amount of trim to eliminate the rough edges formed during manufacture

3.86

MD

3.87

micro-crêping

process for compacting the paper web in the machine direction of the paper and imparting a high degree of stretchability by passing the web between a roll and, for example, an endless rubber blanket

Note 1 to entry: The blanket is extended immediately before the point of contact with the web and allowed to return to its normal state during the passage of the web through the space between the roll and the rubber blanket.

Note 2 to entry: This should not be confused with crêping .

3.88

middle of board

furnish layer of a board situated between the two external furnish layers, or between the underliners or between an underliner and the opposite external furnish layer

Note 1 to entry: In North America, the term “filler” is also used.

3.89

neutral sizing

type of sizing in which stock is made neutral, i.e. a pH close to 7

3.90

offcut

part of a sheet removed during processing, the size of which is smaller than the size ordered but is large enough to permit its use for purposes other than repulping

3.91

off-machine crêping

wet crêping process performed as a separate operation

3.92

offshade

term applied to a paper or board of which the shade of colour does not conform to an agreed specimen

3.93

on-machine crêping

wet or dry crêping process performed on the paper machine

3.94

outturn sheet

sheet of paper or board , taken during manufacture serving as a reference for the mill or client

3.95

paper

generic term for a range of materials in the form of a coherent sheet or web, excluding sheets or laps of pulp as commonly understood for paper making or dissolving purposes and non-woven products, made by deposition of vegetable, mineral, animal or syn­thetic fibres, or their mixtures, from a fluid suspension onto a suitable forming device, with or without the addition of other substances

Note 1 to entry: Papers may be coated, impregnated or other­wise converted, during or after their manufacture, without necessarily losing their identity as paper. In conventional papermaking processes, the fluid medium is water; new developments, however, include the use of air and other fluids.

Note 2 to entry: In the generic sense, the term “ paper ” may be used to describe both paper and board as defined in this part of ISO 4046. The primary distinction between paper and board is normally based upon thickness or grammage, though in some instances the distinction will be based on the characteristics and/or end-use. For example, some materials of lower grammage , such as certain grades of folding boxboard and corrugating raw materials, are generally referred to as “board”, while other materials of higher grammage, such as certain grades of blotting paper, felt paper and drawing paper, are generally referred to as “paper”.

3.96

paper or board in the flat

paper or board supplied in sheets, not folded, lapped or rolled

3.97

paperboard

3.98

pasting

operation in which one or more webs or sheets of paper , board or other materials are adhered to the whole surface of another sheet or web of paper or board by means of a suitable adhesive

3.99

plate glazing

operation of imparting smooth, polished surfaces to sheets of paper or board by means of a plate-glazing calender

3.100

plate-glazing calender

special type of calender consisting of two cast-iron rolls, between which a pile of sheets of paper or board , interposed between sheets of polished material, generally metal, is passed to and fro

3.101

ply

an independently formed fibrous web which can be combined with others to form a multi-ply paper or board

3.102

quire

one twentieth of a ream , i.e. 25 sheets

3.103

ream

a pack of 500 identical sheet s of paper

Note 1 to entry: In many countries it is common practice to use the term “ream” for other quantities, for example 480 sheets, thus affecting the quire . For quantities other than 500 sheets, a different term, such as “pack”, should be used.

3.104

reel

continuous length of paper or board wound on a core

Note 1 to entry: In North America, this term is used to describe a continuous length of paper rolled around a metal roll at the end of the paper machine. After rewinding, it is called a roll , whether it is wound on itself or on a core.

3.105

reeling

winding

operation of rolling-up a web of paper with or without the use of a core

Note 1 to entry: As opposed to the English terms “winding” and “reeling”, the French terms “bobinage” and “enroulage” are not true synonyms. The term “bobinage” is used when a web is rolled around a core while the term “enroulage” is used when a web is rolled up on itself.

3.106

reel-up

the last section of the paper machine where the reeling operation of the continuous web takes place

Note 1 to entry: cf. reeling

Note 2 to entry: The French terms “bobineuse” and “enrouleuse” are not true synonyms. The term “bobineuse” is used when a web is rolled around a core while the term “enrouleuse” is used when a web is rolled up on itself.

3.107

refiner

machine, usually fitted with discs or with a cone and plug, intended for the treatment of fibrous materials in an aqueous medium to develop some of the properties needed for the manufacture of pulp or paper with the necessary characteristics

Note 1 to entry: In a refiner, the treatment is usually a continuous operation.

3.108

refining

mechanical treatment which consists in submitting the stock to the action of a refiner

3.109

reprocessing

use of paper or board , which would otherwise enter the waste stream, as a raw material for some other process, e.g. manufacture of insulating material

3.110

riffler

3.111

roll

continuous length of paper or board wound around itself or around a core

Note 1 to entry: In some countries, this term is synonymous with reel .

3.112

roll coating

any method of coating a continuous web of paper or board in which the coating is applied directly to the paper by transfer from an applicator roll which carries the coating slip upon its surface

Note 1 to entry: The applicator roll may rotate in the same direction as the paper web or in the reverse direction (reverse roll).

3.113

rubber mark

pattern imparted to the paper during manufacture on the machine by passing the wet web through a marking press

3.114

runnability

those properties of paper and board which influence its ability to run at high speed through wet pressing, coating, printing, converting, copying and similar operations

3.115

sand table

riffler

troughs or channels through which a very dilute suspension of stock flows, used for eliminating the heavy impurities from the suspension by gravity, for which purpose they are sometimes fitted with suitably arranged submerged baffles (riffles)

3.116

screen

device provided with orifices intended for separating materials according to size or shape

Note 1 to entry: When used for pulp or paper stock , the orifices are usually narrow slots or holes.

3.117

sheet

piece of paper or board , generally rectangular

3.118

side-run

reel, generally narrow, but wide enough to permit itsuse for purposes other than repulping, deliberatelyproduced in addition to the main order to ensure that the machine fill is as close as possible to the maximum trimmed machine width

3.119

simulated watermark

pattern, similar in appearance to a watermark , imparted to the finished paper by mechanical means or by the application of appropriate materials

3.120

size press

two rolls running in contact with each other, between which the web is passed in order to apply an even layer of size, coating slip or other surface application

Note 1 to entry: The size press is situated between two banks of dryers on the paper machine.

Note 2 to entry: The English term “size press” is commonly used in France.

3.121

size-press coating

method of coating a continuous web of paper or board with a lightweight application of a coating slip by introducing it at the nip of two rolls (a size press ) which can be vertical, horizontal or inclined

3.122

sizing

addition of materials either to the stock (internal sizing) or to the surface of a paper or board (surface sizing), in order to increase its resistance to the penetration and spreading of aqueous liquids, for example writing ink

Note 1 to entry: Surface sizing may also be used to increase the surface strength of paper and board.

3.123

slip

liquid suspension containing pigments.

Note 1 to entry: In coating applications, slip may include adhesives and other additives

3.124

slitting

dividing a web of paper or board in the longitudinal direction into two or more narrower webs

3.125

slow stock

3.126

slushing

operation of making a suspension of fibres in a liquid by disintegration from paper-making pulp or paper

3.127

smoothing press

a pair of unfelted rolls usually situated between the press section of a paper or board machine and the drying section, used to improve the surface of the paper or board , make it more even-sided and remove the felt mark before drying begins

3.128

smoothing roll coating

method of coating a continuous web of paper or board in which the applied coating slip is smoothed by means of small-diameter rolls, some of which may be rotating in a reverse direction to that of the web

3.129

soft calendering

soft-nip calendering

a calendering process with relatively few nips, each comprising one hard, polished surface and one resilient compensating roll

3.130

soft-nip calendering

3.131

splice

joint in a paper or board in the cross-direction , made either by an adhesive or an adhesive strip

Note 1 to entry: This joint can be used, for example, to obtain a reel of the desired size, or to permit a continuous operation between the end of one reel and the beginning of the next.

3.132

splicing

operation of making a splice

3.133

squaring

operation in which sheets of paper or board are produced to the desired sheet size with clean edgesand four 90° angles

3.134

stock

aqueous suspension of one or more paper-making pulps and other material, from the stage of disintegration of the pulp to the formation of the web or sheet of paper or board

cf. paper-making pulp

Note 1 to entry: In French, the word pâte is normally used unqualified as the equivalent of the English terms pulp and stock . For this reason, cross-references to the appropriate definition are inserted wherever necessary in this vocabulary. Particular attention is drawn to this point, as the distinction may be significant in certain circumstances

3.135

stock cleaning

operation intended to eliminate undesirable particles in paper or board by physical means from the stock , for example cleaning by gravity, centrifugal cleaning, cleaning by passing through orifices of appropriate size

3.136

stock preparation

collective term for all treatments necessary for the preparation of the stock before it reaches the paper machine

Note 1 to entry: In English, this term includes stock cleaning .

3.137

supercalender

special type of calender , not usually forming part of the paper or board machine, using both metallic rolls, one or more of which may be heated, and compressible non-metallic rolls

Note 1 to entry: The number of rolls is usually greater than in a calender forming part of the paper or board machine and is intended to impart a higher degree of finish than can usually be obtained using the latter type of calender.

3.138

supercalendering

accentuated calendering on a supercalender usually off-machine, which produces a paper of high smoothness, density and gloss

3.139

surface application

any operation consisting of the application of an appropriate material to the surface of a paper or board to change certain of its characteristics

Note 1 to entry: In the French language, the term “enduction” is employed only when the material used is not a coating slip .

3.140

thickness calender

type of calender consisting essentially of two cast-iron rolls with an adjustable gap intended to give paper or board a predetermined thickness

3.141

top side

felt side

face of a web or sheet of paper or board opposite to the wire side

Note 1 to entry: This term is not necessarily relevant to paper formed between two wires.

3.142

trimmings, pl

pieces of paper or board other than the offcuts removed during processing

3.143

twin-wire machine

paper or board machine in which the web is formed between two wires and water is drained through both wires

cf. twin-wire paper or board

3.144

under side

3.145

underliner

furnish layer of a board situated between an external furnish layer and the middle

3.146

untrimmed machine width

maximum width of a given paper or board which it is possible to make on a given machine

3.147

vat machine

cylinder machine

board or paper machine comprising one open-ended cylinder, or several open-ended cylinders in series, each covered with fine mesh wire and revolving partially immersed in a trough or vat of stock

Note 1 to entry: Water draining through the wire leaves a mat of fibres to form a web or a number of webs. The wet web or webs are then transferred sequentially to the underside of a moving felt applied at the top of the cylinder or cylinders. The resultant combined web then passes through pressing and drying sections.

3.148

washer

type of equipment in which washing and bleaching of the pulp suspension can be carried out

cf. pulper

Note 1 to entry: For washing, a perforated cylinder is partially immersed in the pulp to allow the continuous extraction of liquid.

3.149

watermark

a deliberately produced design or pattern in paper , visible when viewed against a contrasting background

Note 1 to entry: The watermark is caused by localized displace­ment of fibres by means of a raised or recessed pattern on the wire of, for example, a wire mould or cylinder mould machine, or by means of a raised or recessed pattern on the surface of an open-ended cylinder (dandy roll) rotating in contact with the wet stock on the forming wire of the fourdrinier former.

3.150

web

continuous length of paper or board during manufacture or conversion

3.151

wet broke

web accumulated on the wet end of the paper or board machine

3.152

wet crêping

any crêping process, on-machine or off-machine, performed on a wet or partly dried web

3.153

wet lap machine

3.154

wet press

combination of two or more rolls having surfaces of, for example, polished granite, rubber, fabric or felt, used for pressing water from the wet web and for compacting the web

Note 1 to entry: The wet presses are situated immediately before the drying section of the paper or board machine.

3.155

wet stock

slow stock

stock that, when drained either under gravity or suction, parts with the water of the suspension with difficulty

drainability

freeness value

Note 1 to entry: The condition of any given stock may be measured and expressed numerically as the drainability , or as the freeness value .

Note 2 to entry: The antonym of this term is free stock .

3.156

width of a reel or roll of paper or board

dimension of the web of paper or board measured in the cross-direction

3.157

winding

3.158

wire mould

frame with transverse bars to which a fine mesh wire is sewn and through which the stock drains when making hand-made paper

3.159

wire side

under side

face of a web or sheet of paper or board which was in contact with the forming wire during manufacture

Note 1 to entry: This term is not relevant to paper formed between two wires.

3.160

. . . . .

3.161

. . . . .

3.162

. . . . .

3.163

. . . . .

3.164

. . . . .

3.165

. . . . .

3.166

. . . . .

3.167

. . . . .