ISO 639:2023 個々の言語および言語グループのコード | ページ 6

3.1.1

人間の言語

人間間の意味やメッセージを表現したり伝達したりするために組み合わせることができる、音、視覚空間記号、文字、またはその他の書かれた記号や記号を体系的に使用することを特徴とするコミュニケーション手段。

注記 1:人間の言語はもともと人間間の直接コミュニケーションのために開発され、主に人間間の直接コミュニケーションに使用されました。現在、その使用は情報通信技術 (ICT) によってますますサポートされています。

注記 2: 「言語」という用語はさまざまな概念を表すことができるため、「人間の言語」という用語の同義語としてはリストされていません。

注記 3:視覚空間記号は、 記号付きモダリティ (3.5.4) の下に示されています。

[出典:ISO 21636-1:— ^{1, 3.1.1} ]

3.1.2

愚か者

人間の言語 (3.1.1) のすべての表現とその意味をまとめた包括的なセット。構造的特徴の一貫したシステムを特徴とし、複雑な事実や思考をコード化することができ、特定の種類の状況で特定の個人によって使用される可能性があります。 、特定の時間、特定の媒体で

注記 1:通常、人は 個々の言語のいくつかの慣用句を使いこなすことができます (3.1.3) 。

[出典:ISO 21636-1:—、3.1.2, 修正 — エントリの注 1 が短縮されました。概念を説明するために例を追加しました。]

3.1.3

個別の言語

個々の人間の言語

異なる 話者 (3.1.5) によって使用される最大の 慣用句 (3.1.2) 。それらはすべて、高い相互理解性を通じて、または高い相互理解性の連鎖を通じて相互接続されているか、または社会政治的にそのような話者と同等の単位としてみなされています。最大のセット

注記 1:個々の言語には 構文言語 (3.3.2) も含まれますが、形式言語 (ISO 1087:2019, 3.1.10 で定義) は含まれません。

注記 2:通常、他の文脈では、個々の言語は単に「言語」と呼ばれます。ただし、「言語」という用語には複数の意味と含意があるため、このドキュメントの文脈では混乱を引き起こす可能性があります。それでも、属性および場合によっては複数形が個々の言語を意味していることを明確に示している場合、この文書では「クレオール言語」、「アジア言語」、または 「現存言語」などの「言語」のみを使用します (3.3.3) ） 。

[出典:ISO 21636-1:—、3.1.3]

3.1.4

個別の手話

基本モダリティ (3.5.5) が 署名付きモダリティ (3.5.4) である 個別言語 (3.1.3)

注記 1:通常、「手話」は、それぞれの個別の手話の名前の一部です。

注記 2:個々の手話言語は、別の 言語モダリティ (3.5.1) で通常表現される個々の言語を表現できる「手話モダリティ」とは異なります。たとえば、表現するための「正確な英語の署名」などです。英語。したがって、「手話」という用語は「個人手話」という用語の同義語として使用されるものではありません。

[出典:ISO 21636-1:—、3.1.4]

3.1.5

スピーカー

慣用句を利用できる人 (3.1.2)

注記 1: 「話者」という用語は、すべての 言語モダリティ (3.5.1) の使用をカバーするため、一般的な概念「話者」を示すために使用され、また、「書き手」、「署名者」、など、必要に応じて導入できます。

[出典:ISO 21636-1:—、3.1.5, 修正 — エントリの注 1 を短縮。]

3.1.6

言語コミュニティ

社会的に識別可能なグループ。典型的には、 個々の言語 (3.1.3) or 言語多様性 (3.2.4 ) の 話者 (3.1.5) で構成され、そのメンバーがその個々の言語または言語多様性に共感している。

注記 1:絶滅の危機に瀕している言語の場合、個々の言語の話者は実際には言語コミュニティの少数派である可能性があります。

3.2.1

linguistic variation

language variation

differences within and between individual languages (3.1.3)

[SOURCE:ISO 21636-1:—, 3.2.1]

3.2.2

external criterion for linguistic variation

set of properties of idiolects (3.1.2) that are based on factors external to the linguistic features of the idiolects’ systems

Note 1 to entry: External criteria for linguistic variation contain properties of idiolects that pertain to the speakers (3.1.5) who use the idiolects, or to the language use event (ISO 21636-1:—, 3.1.6) in which the idiolects are used.

[SOURCE:ISO 21636-1:—, 3.2.2]

3.2.3

structural criterion for linguistic variation

set of properties of idiolects (3.1.2) that are based on the linguistic features of the idiolects’ systems

Note 1 to entry: This set of properties includes in particular phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, lexical, semantic or pragmatic properties.

Note 2 to entry: Elements of the structural criterion for linguistic variation are also called “markers”, e.g. in ISO/TR 20694. The term “structural criterion for linguistic variation” is preferred because it integrates better with the framework for linguistic variation (3.2.1) developed in the ISO 21636 series.

[SOURCE:ISO 21636-1:—, 3.2.3]

3.2.4

language variety

variety

<language coding> largest subset of an individual language (3.1.3) that is internally consistent with regard to both an external criterion for linguistic variation (3.2.2) and a structural criterion for linguistic variation (3.2.3) , and that can be identified and named

Note 1 to entry: Since terms such as “linguistic variation” (3.2.1), “language variation”, “linguistic variant”, “language variant” or “linguistic variety” are also used to represent other concepts, only the term “language variety” is used in this document.

[SOURCE:ISO 21636-1:—, 3.2.5]

3.2.5

dialect

<linguistics> language variety (3.2.4) specific to speakers (3.1.5) from a particular geographical location or region

[SOURCE:ISO 21636-1:—, 3.4.1, modified — Note 1 to entry deleted.]

3.2.6

standard variety

language variety (3.2.4) recognized as standard or official by most speakers (3.1.5) across the geographical area where the individual language (3.1.3) is spoken or used, or across a large part of that geographical area where several dialects (3.2.5) are used

Note 1 to entry: A standard variety of an individual language is typically used in official or public communication and in communication between users of different language varieties.

Note 2 to entry: A standard variety is often characterized by a high degree of standardization or normalization.

[SOURCE:ISO 21636-1:—, 3.4.2, modified — Note 1 to entry deleted.]

3.3.1

natural language

individual language (3.1.3) which is or was in active use in a language community (3.1.6) , passed on from one generation of speakers (3.1.5) to the next

[SOURCE:ISO 21636-1:—, 3.1.9]

3.3.2

constructed language

individual language (3.1.3) whose rules are explicitly established prior to its use

Note 1 to entry: Constructed languages do not include reconstructed languages (3.3.9) , computer programming languages, mark-up languages or similar formal languages.

Note 2 to entry: Some constructed languages are based on one or several natural languages (3.3.1) and are therefore not artificial. Therefore, the term “artificial language”, which is often used as a synonym, is not used in this document.

[SOURCE:ISO 21636-1:—, 3.1.10]

3.3.3

living language

individual language (3.1.3) used by a language community (3.1.6) at the present time

Note 1 to entry: Living languages include previously extinct languages (3.3.4) that have been revitalized, such as Hebrew or Manx.

3.3.4

extinct language

individual language (3.1.3) that is no longer in use and that has lost its last native speaker (3.1.5) in recent centuries

3.3.5

historical language

individual language (3.1.3) that went out of use before modern times

Note 1 to entry: Historical languages include known earlier epochs of a living language (3.3.3) or of an extinct language (3.3.4) .

3.3.6

full language

individual language (3.1.3) that is used in a variety of domains, used to support communication across most or all social groups, such as genders and age groups of a language community (3.1.6) , and stable enough to have at least one language variety (3.2.4) that is widely understood across the whole geographical area of the individual language

Note 1 to entry: Full languages are subject to gradual change as each new generation makes their individual language its own.

3.3.7

restricted language

language variety (3.2.4) of an individual language (3.1.3) or constructed language (3.3.2) that resembles in some contexts an individual language, but that is not a full language (3.3.6) in that it is used in limited circumstances

Note 1 to entry: Restricted languages are, for instance, avoidance languages, secret languages, ceremonial languages, play languages, urban languages or youth languages.

3.3.8

macrolanguage

individual language (3.1.3) that for the purpose of language coding can be subdivided into two or more other individual languages

Note 1 to entry: In contrast to language groups (3.4.1) , the individual languages that correspond to a macrolanguage shall be very closely related, and there shall be some context in which they are deemed recognizable as separate individual languages.

Note 2 to entry: Language development can change the relationship between a macrolanguage and related individual languages or dialects (3.2.5) over time.

3.3.9

reconstructed language

hypothetical individual language (3.1.3) that is not itself attested but postulated based on regular correspondences among a group of attested languages, of which the hypothetical language is held to be a common ancestral language

3.4.1

language group

set of individual languages (3.1.3) based on a shared characteristic

Note 1 to entry: Shared characteristics include, but are not limited to, being spoken in the same geographical region, being genetically related [i.e. being (a branch of) a language family] or sharing typological characteristics such as being a tonal language or being a morphologically isolating language, or combinations thereof.

Note 2 to entry: A language group can encompass several smaller language groups.

Note 3 to entry: An identified language group is a group of individual languages that does not correspond to a macrolanguage (3.3.8) . It can contain macrolanguages among its members.

3.4.2

language family

language group (3.4.1) encompassing individual languages (3.1.3) based on a common ancestral language

Note 1 to entry: It is possible for a language family to consist of a single individual language as a member.

3.5.1

language modality

language variety (3.2.4) specific to a certain medium or channel used for communication by the speaker (3.1.5)

Note 1 to entry: As specified in ISO 21636-1, language modalities encompass the spoken modality (3.5.2) , the written modality (3.5.3) , the signed modality (3.5.4) , the drummed modality, the whistled modality, etc. This document refers only to the spoken modality, the written modality and the signed modality.

[SOURCE:ISO 21636-1:—, 3.4.7, modified — Notes 1 to 3 to entry replaced by a new Note 1 to entry.]

3.5.2

spoken modality

spoken language modality

language modality (3.5.1) used in oral communication, and that has as its primary mode of expression the articulated sounds of the speaker’s (3.1.5) voice

Note 1 to entry: Events of language use in the spoken modality are usually also multimodal, as gestures, facial expressions and other similar phenomena almost always accompany speech.

[SOURCE:ISO 21636-1:—, 3.5.1, modified — Notes 1 to 3 to entry replaced by a new Note 1 to entry.]

3.5.3

written modality

written language modality

language modality (3.5.1) that makes use of a system of graphic symbols

Note 1 to entry: Some constructed languages (3.3.2) have the written modality as their basic modality (3.5.5) , but in natural languages (3.3.1) , the spoken modality (3.5.2) or signed modality (3.5.4) are basic modalities from which the written modality is derived.

[SOURCE:ISO 21636-1:—, 3.5.3, modified — Note 2 to entry deleted.]

3.5.4

signed modality

signed language modality

visual-spatial language modality (3.5.1) that uses a combination of hand shapes, palm orientation and movement of the hand, arm, mouth, head or body, and facial expression

Note 1 to entry: The language modality “signed modality” differs from “individual sign language” (3.1.4) , which designates those individual languages (3.1.3) whose basic modality (3.5.5) is the signed modality.

Note 2 to entry: The signed modality is the basic modality for individual sign languages, but some other individual languages also have a signed modality.

[SOURCE:ISO 21636-1:—, 3.5.4, modified — Last part of Note 1 to entry deleted.]

3.5.5

basic modality

basic language modality

language modality (3.5.1) in which a particular individual language (3.1.3) is most commonly used, in which it develops, and from which other language modalities (if any) of that individual language are derived

Note 1 to entry: For most natural languages (3.3.1) , the basic modality is the spoken modality (3.5.2) ; in particular, the written modality (3.5.3) is derived from the spoken modality in the sense that in these natural languages writing is a representation of properties of oral language use [even in the case of non-alphabetic writing systems (3.6.1) ].

Note 2 to entry: For individual sign languages (3.1.4) , the basic modality is the signed modality (3.5.4) . If these are written or otherwise graphically represented, the written modality is derived from the signed modality in the sense that writing is a representation of properties of visual-spatial language use (i.e. of the signed modality).

[SOURCE:ISO 21636-1:—, 3.5.11, modified — Note 1 to entry shortened and Note 3 to entry deleted.]

3.6.1

writing system

system for writing an individual language (3.1.3) , including the script (3.6.2) and orthographic conventions used

3.6.2

script

<language coding> comprehensive set of graphic characters used for the written form of one or more individual languages (3.1.3)

Note 1 to entry: A script, as opposed to an arbitrary subset of characters, is defined in distinction to other scripts; in general, readers of one script can be unable to read the glyphs of another script easily, even where there is a historical relation between them.

3.6.3

script identifier

script symbol

<language coding> string of characters assigned to represent a script (3.6.2) unequivocally

3.7.1

code

collection of rules that maps the elements of a first set of values onto the elements of one or more different sets

Note 1 to entry: The first set of elements in the ISO 639 language code refers to individual languages (3.1.3) or language groups (3.4.1) . The sets of elements mapped onto are code values, specifically language identifiers (3.7.10) .

[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 2382:2015, 2121552, modified — Admitted term “coding scheme” deleted. “first set of values onto the elements of one or more different sets” replaced “first set onto the elements of a second set” in the definition. Notes 1 to 2 to entry replaced by a new Note 1 to entry. Notes 3 to 5 to entry deleted.]

3.7.2

code element

collection of structured information about an entity represented in a code (3.7.1)

3.7.3

language code

code (3.7.1) that maps individual languages (3.1.3) or language groups (3.4.1) , represented by their unique language reference name (3.7.13) , to language identifiers (3.7.10)

Note 1 to entry: The activity and subject of developing a language code is called “language coding”.

3.7.4

language code element

code element (3.7.2) of a language code (3.7.3) that represents an individual language (3.1.3) or a language group (3.4.1)

Note 1 to entry: A language code element is composed of a minimum of one unique language reference name and one or more language identifiers that belong to one or more sets.

Note 2 to entry: Language code elements cited in this document each represent an individual language or language group. In addition to the language code elements, the ISO 639 language code also contains four special-purpose code elements (3.7.9) .

3.7.5

code element scope

attribute of a code element (3.7.2) that documents the way in which its denotation maps onto one or more individual languages (3.1.3)

Note 1 to entry: There are four code element scopes: individual-language code element (3.7.6) , macrolanguage code element (3.7.7) , language-group code element (3.7.8) and special-purpose code element (3.7.9) .

3.7.6

individual-language code element

language code element (3.7.4) with a value of a code element scope (3.7.5) for an individual language (3.1.3)

Note 1 to entry: The individual language represented by an individual-language code element is considered distinct from any other individual language represented by a different individual-language code element.

Note 2 to entry: An individual-language code element represents an individual language that is not a macrolanguage (3.3.8) .

3.7.7

macrolanguage code element

language code element (3.7.4) with the value of a code element scope (3.7.5) for a macrolanguage (3.3.8)

Note 1 to entry: A macrolanguage code element represents an individual language (3.1.3) that is a macrolanguage.

3.7.8

language-group code element

language code element (3.7.4) with the value of a code element scope (3.7.5) for a language group (3.4.1)

Note 1 to entry: A language-group code element represents a group of individual languages (3.1.3) that does not correspond to a macrolanguage (3.3.8) .

3.7.9

special-purpose code element

language code element (3.7.4) of a language code (3.7.3) with the value of a code element scope (3.7.5) for a special purpose

Note 1 to entry: A special-purpose code element does not refer to any individual language (3.1.3) or language group (3.4.1) identified in the ISO 639 language code but is useful for data management purposes.

3.7.10

language identifier

language symbol

string of characters assigned to an individual language (3.1.3) or a language group (3.4.1) for the purpose of identifying it unequivocally

Note 1 to entry: In the ISO 639 language code, the string of characters consists of a string of letters.

Note 2 to entry: When a single language code element (3.7.4) has multiple language identifiers, the language identifiers are synonymous, while each of them identifies the individual language or language group unequivocally.

3.7.11

local-use language identifier

language identifier (3.7.10) reserved for local use

Note 1 to entry: Local-use language identifiers are not part of any assigned language code element (3.7.4) .

Note 2 to entry: All local-use language identifiers are composed of three letters.

3.7.12

language name

linguistic expression for naming an individual language (3.1.3) or a language group (3.4.1)

Note 1 to entry: The activity and subject of assigning language names is called “naming languages”.

Note 2 to entry: Often an individual language or language group can be represented by more than one language name or variant of a language name in a given language.

3.7.13

language reference name

language name (3.7.12) for the purpose of designating an individual language (3.1.3) or language group (3.4.1) uniquely within a language code (3.7.3)

Note 1 to entry: When the common language names of two identified different individual languages or language groups are the same, disambiguating or differentiating information is added to construct a unique language reference name for each.